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from Benignus's own foundation at Kilbannon. Here at Cluainfois, according to a widespread tradition, Saints Benignus and Jarlath and Caillin, another disciple of Benignus, frequently met together to dis- cuss weighty questions in theology and Scripture. The fame of this holy retreat brought scholars from all parts of Ireland, amongst whom were St. Brendan, the great navigator, who came from Kerry, and St. Colman, the son of Lenin, who came from Cloyne. One day Brendan in proi>hetic spirit told his master that he was to leave Cluainfois and go eastward, and where the wheel of his chariot should break on the journey "there you shall build your oratory, for God wills that there shall be the jilace of your resurrection, and many shall arise in glory in the same place along with you". Jarlath did not long delay in obeying this inspired instruction. He departed from Cluainfois, and at the place now callocl Tuam his chariot broke down, and there on the site of the present Protestant, but formerly Catholic, cathedral he built his church and monastic school. And he bade good-bye to Brendan saying, "O holy youth, it is you should be master and I pupil, but go now with God's blessing elsewhere", whereupon Brendan returned to his native Kerry. After the death of St. Jarlath there is little in the national annals about the School of Tuam. There is reference in the "Four Masters", under date 776 {rede 781), to the death of an Abbot of Tuam called Nuada O'Bolcan; and under the same date in the "Annals of Ulster" to the death of one "Ferdomnach of Tuaim da Ghualann", to whom no title is given. At the year 969 is set down the death of Eoghan O Cleirigh, "Bishop of Connacht", but more dis- tinct reference to a Tuam jjrelate is found in 10S.5. when the death of Aedh O Hoisin is recorded. The "Four Masters" call him Comarb of Jarlath and High Bishop (Ard-epscoii)) of Tuam.

CoLGAN, Ada aanciorurn liibernim (Louvain, 164.5); He.^lv, Ireland's Ancient Schools ami Scholars (Dublin, 1908) : Martyr- ology of Donegal; Annals of Ulster; Annals of the Four Masters.

John Healy.

Tubingen, University of, in WUrtemberg, was founded by Count Eberhard im Bart on 3 July, 1477, after Pope Sixtus IV had first undertaken by (he Bull of 13 Nov., 1476 to endow the university from the property of the Church. The imperial confirmation followed on 20 Feb., 1484. The university had four faculties: theology, law, medicine, and philosophy, and altogether fourteen professorships. Among the distinguished professors at the beginning were the theologians Gabriel Biel, Johannes Heynlin von Stein (a Lapide), Conrad Summenhart, and the jurist Johannes Vergenhans (Nauclerus). A distinguished physician was .Johannes Widmann. In the philo- sophical faculty should be mentioned the mathemati- cians Paul Scriptoris and Johannes Stoffler, and the Humanists Johannes Reuchlin, Heinrich Bebel, and Melanchthon. Duke Ulrich of Wtirtemberg was deposed in l.')19 on account of his mi.sgovernment of the oountry, but in 1.534 was restored to power by the Lutheran Landgrave Philip of Hesse. In 1.53.5 Ulrich introduced the Reformation into the country and university, notwithstanding the stubborn opposition manifested at the imiversity, especially by its chan- cellor Ambrosius Widmann. The most prominent of the new professors were the theologians Johannes Brenz, Erhard Schnepf, Jakob Andrea", Jakob Heerbrand, Andreas and Luke Osiander. Among the other professors were the jurists .Johannes Sichard, Karl Slolinjeus (Du Mouhn), and Christopher Be- Bold, the physician Leonhard Fuchs, the philologists Joachim, Camerarius and Martin Ousius, the car- tographer Philip Apian, and the mathematician and astronomer Michael Ma.stlin. To secure capable preachers Duke Ulrich established the Lutheran seminary, and Duke Christopher founded the col- legium lUustre for the training of state officials.

The university, like the country, recovered only slowly from the injuries inflicted by the Thirty Years' VV'ar. At first the old rigid orthodoxy still prevailed in the theological faculty; but in the eighteenth century a greater independence of thought gradually gained ground, especially through the efforts of the chancellor, Christopher M.afthaus Pfaff, the founder of what is called the collegiate .system. Pietism also was represented in the theological faculty. Towards the end of the eighteenth century Christian Gottlieb Storr exerted a profound influence as a Biblical theo- logian and the founder of the early Tiihingen School in opposition to the "Enhghtenment" and the theo- ries of Kant. Among his pupils were, in particular, Friedrich Gottlieb Siisskind, Johann Friedrich Flatt, and Karl (^hristian Flatt. Prominent in the faculty

of law were Wolfgang Adam Lauterbach, Ferdinand Christopher Ilarpprecht, and Karl Christopher Hof- acker, and in the faculty of medicine, Johann Georg Gmelin, Karl Friedrich Kic^lmeyer, and Johann Heinrich Ferdinand Autenrieth. During this era, marked by the spread of the Wolffian and Kantian doctrines, the faculty of philosophy had few dis- tinguished members. The chancellor Lebret, how- ever, ranked high as a historian, and Bohnenberger as a mathematician. Towards the close of the eigh- teenth century the university was in danger of having the faculties of law and medicine transferred to the school established at Stuttgart by Duke Charles Eugene, after whom the new school was named. This loss was averted, however, by the sup- pression of the new seat of learning in 1794.

Two causes led to a great development of the university in the nineteenth century. First, the Catholic university for Wtirtemberg, which at the be- ginning of the century had been established at Ell- wangen, was transferred in 1817 to Tiibingen as a Catholic theological faculty, and a Catholic house of study called Wilhelmsstift wjis founded to counter- balance the Lutheran .seminary; second, a faculty of political economy was organized in 1S17 (called the faculty of political science since 1822), and a faculty of natural sciences in 1863. The.se changes led to the erection of new university buildings: the anatomical building (1832-3.5); the new aula, intended to replace the old one dating from 1.547 and 1777. and the botan- ical and chemical in.stitute (1842-4.5); the clinical hospital for surgical cases (18461; the physiological institute (1867); the institute for pathological anatomy (187,3); ophthalmic hospital (1875); medical hospital (1878-79); the i)hysico-chemical institute (188.3-8,5); the institute for physics (1.888); the new hospital for women (1888-91), in place of the old one built in 1803; the hospital for mental diseases (1892-94); the