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 SOCIALISM

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SOCIALISM

Matthew" or the New York Church Association for the Advancement of the Interests of Labour, it can only be ascribed to that mental facility in holding at the same time incompatible doctrines, which is every- where the mark of the "Catholic but not Roman" school. Christianity and Socialism are hopelessly in- compatible, and the logic of events makes this ever clearer. It is true that, before the publication of the Encyclical "Rerum novarum", it was not unusual to apply the term "Christian Socialism" to the social reforms put forward throughout Europe by those Catholics who are earnestly endeavouring to restore the social philosophy of Catholicism to the position it occupied in the ages of Faith. But, under the guid- ance of Pope Leo XIII, that crusade against the social and economic iniquities of the present age is now more correctly styled "Christian Democracy", and no really instructed, loyal, and clear-thinking Catholic would now claim or accept the style of Christian Socialist.

To sum up, in the words of a capable anonymous writer in "The Quarterly Review", Socialism has for "its philosophical basis, pure materialism; its re- ligious basis is pure negation; its ethical basis the theory that society makes the individuals of which it is composed, not the individuals society, and that therefore the structure of society determines indi- vidual conduct, which involves moral irresponsibility; its economic basis is the theory that labour is the sole producer, and that capital is the surplus value over bare subsistence produced by labour and stolen by capitalists; its juristic basis is the right of labour to the whole product; its historical basis is the industrial revolution, that is the change from small and handi- craft methods of production to large and mechanical ones, and the warfare of classes; its political basis is democracy. ... It may be noted that some of these [bases] have already been abandoned and are in ruins, others are beginning to shake; and as this process advances the defenders are compelled to retreat and take up fresh positions. Thus the form of the doc- trine changes and undergoes modification, though all cling still to the central principle, which is the substitution of public for private ownership."

I. History- of the Socialist Movement: (1) General: — Cettt, Lea aocialistes attemands (Paris, 1907); De Seilhac, Les congris ouvriers en France (Reims, 1908) ; HiLLQUlT, History o/ Socialism in the United Stales (New York, 1902): Kihkcp, History of So- cialism (London, 1909) ; Lecocq, La question sociale au xviii siicle (Paris, 1909); Louis, Histoire du mouvement syndical en France (Paris, 1907); Pelloutieh, Histoire des Bourses de Travail (Paris, 1902); Rae, Contemporary Socialism (London, 190S); SoMBART, Socialism and the Socialist Movement (London, 1909); Stoddart, The New Socialism (London, 1909) ; Tugan-Baro- NOW8KT, Modern Socialism in its Historical Development (London, 1910); ViLLiERS, The socialist Movement in England (Loudon, 1910): Winterer, Le sucialisme contemporain (Paris, 1893). (2) Utopian and Revolutionar>* Attempts. — Buonarotti, Babeufs Conspiracy for Equality (London, 1836) ; Cullen, Adven- tures in Socialism (London, 1910); Hinds, American Commu- nities (Chicago, 1902) ; Lissaqarat, History of the Commune of 1871 (London, 1886) ; Mallock, A Century of Socialistic Experi- menls in The Dublin Review (July, 1909) ; March, History of the Paris Commune (London, 1895); Nordhoff, Communistic So- cieties in the United States (London, 1875); Noyes, History of American Socialisms (Philadelphia, 1870). (3) Biographies of Socialist Leaders. — Bernstein, Ferdinand Lassalle as a Social Reformer (London, 1893); Booth, Saint-Simon and Saint- Simonism (London, 1871); George, Life of Henry George (Lon- don, 1900) : GiBBlNS, English Social Reformers (London, 1907) ; Jackson, Bernard Shaw, a monograph (London, 1909) ; Jones, The Life. Times and Labours of Robert Owen'(XMndoa, 1900); Mac- Kail, Life of William Morris (2 vols., London, 1899); Spargo, Karl Marx, his Life and Work (New York, 1910); Taylor, Leaders of .Socialism (London, 1908).

n. History of Movements Influencing Socialism: (1) Co- operation. — Fay, Co-operation at Home and Abroad (London, 1908); HoLYOAKE, History of Co-operation (2 vols., London, 190S); Laverone. Le rfgime coopfratif (Paris, 1910); Potter, Co-opera- tive movement in Great Britain (I^ndon, 1899). (2) Combina- tions of Labour and Capital. — De Seilhac, Les grives (Paris, 1909); Diligent, Les orientations syndicates (Paris, 1909); Ely, Monopolies and Trusts (New York, 1900); Hirst, Monopolies, Trusts, and Kartells (T^ondon, 1905); Howell, Trade Unionism Old and \ew (London, 1907); Kirkbride and Sterrett, The Modern Trust Company (New York. 1906) ; Macrosty, The Trust Movement in British Industry (I^ondon, 1907); Webb. History of Tra<te- Unionism (London, 1901); Idem, Industrial Democ- racy (London, 1901). (3) Legislation. — CtTNNiNGHAM and Mac-

arthur. Outlines of English Industrial History (Cambridge, 1894): HcTCHlNS and Harrison, History of Factory Legislation (London, 1910); Nicholls and Mackay, History of the English Poor Law (3 vols., London, 1910); Webb. English Poor Law Policy (London, 1909); Idem, Grants in Aid (London, 1911); Idem, The Slate and the Doctor (London, 1910). (4) Municipal and Administrative Activities. — D.arwin, Municipal Ownership (London, 1907); Joly, La Suisse politique et sociale (Paris. 1909); Idem, L' Italic contemporaine (Paris, 1911) ; Meyer, Municipal Ownership in Great Britain (London, 1906) ; Reeves, State Ex- periments in Australia and New Zealand (2 vols., London, 1902); Shaw, Municipal Government in Great Britain (London. 1893); Idem, Municipal Government in Continental Europe (London, 1896) ; Webber, The Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1899) ; Zceblin, American Municipal Enterprise (New York, 1902).

III. Socialism as Expounded by Socialists. (1) Marxism. — Bax, Essays in Socialism New and Old (London, 1905); Blatch- FORD, Merrie England (London, 1895); Engels, Socialism Uto- pian and Scientific (London, 1892) ; Ferri, Socialism and Posi- tive Science (London, 1905); Gronlund, The Co-operative Com- monwealth (London, 1896); Hunter, Socialists at Work (New York, 1908) ; Hyndman, The Economics of Socialism (London, 1896); jAORfo, Studies in Socialism (London, 1906); Marx:, Capital (3 vols., London, 1888, 1907, 1909) ; Morris and Bax, Socialism its Growth and Outcome (London, 1897); Sparoo, .So- cialism, a Summary and Interpretation (New York, 1906); Idem, The Substance of Socialism (New York, 1910). (2) Revisionism, Revolutionary Syndicalism, Fabian Expertism. — Bernstein, Evolutioruiry Socialism (London, 1909); Clay, .Syndicalism and Labour (London, 1911); Ensor, Modern Socialism as Set Forth by .Socialists (New York, 1910); Fabian Essays in Socialism (Lon- don, 1909); Fabian Tracts, Nos. 1-160 (London, 1884-1911); Griffuelhes, L'action syndicaliste (Paris, 1908) : Idem, Voyagea revolulionaires (Paris, 1910); Hillqcit, Socialism in Theory and Practice (New York, 1909); Kelly, Twenlieth Century Socialism (London, 1910); Lagardelle. Le socialisme ouvrier (Paris, 1911); Macdonald, .Socialism and .Society (London, 1905); Idem, The Socialist Movement (London. 1911); Mer- MEix, Le socialisme (Paris, 1907) ; Idem, Le syndicalisme contre le socialisme (Paris, 1908) ; Pataud and Pouget, Comment nous ferons la revolution (Paris, 1909) ; Prezzolini, La teoria sindi- calista (Naples, 1909); Vandervelde. Collectivism and Industrial Revolution (London, 1907) ; Webb, The Pretention of Destitution (London, 1911): Wells, New Worlds for Old (London, 1908).

IV. (jatholic Criticism of Socialism. — Antoine, Coura d'icono- mie sociale (Paris, 1988), 523-68; Ardant, Le socialisme contem- porain et la propriete (Paris, 1905); Brochures jaunes de V Action Populaire, Nos. 26. 28, i9, 97, 100, 163, 17 i, 199 (Reims, 1904- 11); Castelein, Le socialisme et le droit de propriete (Brussels): Cathrein, Socialism, its theoretical basis and practical applica- tion (New York, 1904) ; Cousin, Catichismed'iconomie soc. et polit.. (Paris, 1907); De Seilhac, Uutopie social. (Paris, 1907); Devas, Political Economy (London, 1907), 514-26; Kelleher, Private ownership: its basis and equitable conditions (Dublin, 1911); Le roy-Beaulieu, Collectivism, a Study of Some of the Leading Ques- tions of the Day (London, 1908) ; Pesch, Liberalismus, Socialis- mus Christl. Gesellschaftsord. (Freiburg, 1896) ; Preuss, The Fun- damental Fallacy of Socialism (St. Louis, 1908); Savatier, Les variations du socialisme in Le mouvement soc. (Paris, May, 1911); ScHRiJVERS, Handbook of Practical Econonomics (London, 1910), 23-48; ToussAiNT, Collectivisme et communisme (Paris, 1907); Winterer, Le socialisme allemand et ses demises Evolutions (Paris, 1907).

V. Non-Catholic Criticism of Socialism. — Guyot, Socialistic Fallacies (London, 1910); Funt, Socialism (London, 1908); HoBsoN, The Iiulustrial System (London, 1909); Idem, The Science of wealth (London, 1911); Kirkup, An Enquiry Into So- cialism (London, 1908) ; Mallock, A Critical Examination of Socialism (London, 1908); Nicholson. Historical Progress and Ideal Socialism (London, 1894); Schaeffle. Tfie Quintessence of Socialism (London, 1899); .Skelton. .s*- "■■'■? -7 r^^r- .7"--!>>/sis (London, 1911); Socialism, Its Meaui" : - ' '> '■ ,"..,-,i( Position and Future Prospects in Qunr'' :. ;, \;.i I liiiv, London, 1910); The Case Against .S"., I i,; i,, ijur,.

VI. "Christian Socialism".— Cof^u... ...;,. ,j.,.; .S .U^m in

Catholic Truth Society Pamphlets (2 vols., Loudon, lUOS, 1910); Cunningham, Socialism and Christianity (London, 1909); GaY' BAUD, Un Catholique peut-il Stre socialistet (Paris, 1907); Gold- stein, Socialism, the Nation of Fatherless Children (New York, 1908) ; Headlam, Dearmer, Cufford, and Woolman, Social- ism and Religion in Fabian Socialist .Series, no. 1 (London, 1908); Lamy, Catholiques et Socialistes (Paris, 1910); Ming, The Char- acteristics and the Religion of Modern Socialism (New York, 1908) : Idem, The Morality of Modern Socialism (New York, 1909); Nitti, Catholic Socialism (London, 1895); Noel, Socialism in Church History (London, 1910); Sertill-^nges, Socialisme et Christianisme (Paris. 1909) ; Soderini, Socialism and Catholicism (London. 1896); Stang, Socialism and Christianity (New York, 1905); Wordsworth, Christian Socialism in England (London, 1903).

VII. Christian Democracy. — Annfe sociale intemationale. I- III (Reims. 1910-12); Calii-pe, L'altitude sociale des catholiques Fran^ais au XIX" siicle (Paris, 1910); Idem, Les tendences sociales des catholiques libiraux (Paris, 1911); Catholic Social Guild Pamphlets (2 vols.. London, 1910-12); Crawford, Switzerland To-day (London, 1911); Devas, Social Questions and the Dutij of Catholics (London, 1907); Idem, The Key to the World's Progress (London, 1906); Garxiguet. The .Social Value of the Gospel (Lon- don, 1911); Guide Social. I-VI (Reims, 1904-09); Luoan, L'en- seignCTnent social de Jisus (Paris. 1907); Naudet, Le christian- isme Social (Paris, 1908); Parkinson (ed.). Destitution and Suggested Remedies (London, 1911) ; Plater, Catholic Social Work