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 TOURNEFORT

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TOURNEFORT

in the registers of the archives or on the tombstones of the cathedral. The cathedral, 439 feet long by 216 feet wide, is surmounted by 5 towers 273 feet high. The nave and transept arc Romanesque (Iwclft h century), and the choir is primary Gothic, begun in 1242 and finished in 1325. Originally the boundaries of the diocese must have been those of the Civitas Turnaccnsium mentioned in the "Notice des Gaulcs". The prescriptions of councils and the interest of the Church both favoured these boundaries, and they were retained throughout the Middle Ages. The dio- cese then extended along the left bank of the Schelde from the Seance to the North Sea, with the excep- tion of the Vicr-Ambnchti-n (Hulst, Axel, Bouchaute, and Assenede), which seem to have always belonged to the Diocese of I'trecht. The Schelde thus formed the boundary between the Dioceses of Tournai and Cambrai, cutting in two the towns of Termonde, Ghent, Oudenarde, and Tour- nai itself. The shore of the North Sea between the Schelde and the Yser was wholly in- cluded within the perimeter. On the other side of the Yser was the Diocese of Therouanne, which bordered Tournai as far as Ypres. There began the Diocese of Arras, which bor- dered Tournai as far as the confluence of the Scarpe and the Schelde at Mortagne, France. This vast diocese was long divided into three arch- deaneries and twelve deaneries. The archdeanery of Bruges comprised the deaneries of Bruges, .\rdenbourg, and Ou- denbourg; the archdeanery of Ghent, the deaneries of Ghent, Roulcrs, Oudenarde, and Waes ; the archdeanery of Tournai, the deaneries of Tournai, Seclin, Helchin, Lille, and Courtrai.

In 1.559 in order to wage more successful war against Protest- antism, King Philip II of Spain obtained from Paul IV the erection of a series of new dio- ceses. The ancient Diocese of Tournai was divided, nearly two-thirds of its territory be- ing taken away. The outlines of the archdeaneries of Bruges and Ghent formed the new dioceses of Bruges and Ghent, and six pari.>;hes passed to the new Dioce.se of Ypres. These conditions lasted until the beginning of the nineteenth century. The French Revolution created the De- partment of .Jemappes, which in 1815 became the Province of Hainault, whose boimdariea followed those of the Diocese of Tournai, after a concordat between the plenipotentiaries of Pius VII and the consular government of the republic. The Bishop of Tournai retained only two score of the parishes formerly under his jurisdiction, but he governed on the right bank of the Schelde a number of parishes which, prior to the Revolution, belonged to the Dioceses of Cambrai (302), Namur (50), and Li§ge (50).

The Diocese of Tournai, with 1,240,.525 inhabitants, has 537 parishes, divided into 33 deaneries: Antoing (21 parishes), Ath (12), Beaumont (17), Beloeil (15), Binche (18). Bou.s.qu (18), Celles (14), Charleroi (18), ChStelet (27), Chi^vres (23), Chimay (22), Dour (18), EllezeUes (6), Enghien (12), Fontaine-L'Evfeque (20), Frasnes-Iez-Buissenal (14), Gosselies (20), La Lou-

viSre (15), I^ns (23), Lessines (12), Leuze (17), Merbes-le-Chateau (17), Mons (Ste- Elisabeth, 9), Mons (Ste-Waudru, 10), Pdturages (17), P^ruvelz (12), Roeulx (16), Sencffe (21), Soignies (11), Tem- pleuve (13), Thuin (16), Tournai (Notre-Dame, 14), Tournai (St-Brice, 13).

Eight diocesan colleges prepare young men for theological studies in a seminary, or for a liberal course in a university.

Herimanni liber de rfstauralione monasterii Sancti Martini Tomacensis, ed. Waitz, in Mon. Germ, hist,: Script., XIV {Han- over, 1883); Catulle, Turnacum civitas metropolis et cathedra episcopalis Nerviorum (Brussels, lf).'i2); Chifflet, Anastasis Childerici I, Francorum regis, sive thesaurus seputchralis Tor- naci effossus et commentariisillustratus {Ani^'er\i, Ui55) ; Cousin, Histoire de Toumay (2vols.. Dnuai, IRin 20; 2Md eil.. with notea, Tournai 1868); Le Maisthi- i' \ ■- T^ ■: :, Hecherches sur I'his- toire et Varchitecture de l'> :■ ■!' Tournai (2 vols.,

Tournai, 1842-43); VoB. /- 'tmctions de I'ancien

chaptlre de Notre-Dame d,, ,. ^,,|M,, Bruges, 1898);

Waricbez, Les origines de 11. ■.„,.■. .„. i.,.,,iuii (Louvain, 1902); iDtM. Etat htiieficial de la Flandre et du Tournaisis au temps de Philippe le Bon (Ho5) in .Inalectes pour servir a fhistoir,-. rr(,= vtVis(i,;«p de la Bel- gique, y.\\\. X\\\I. XX.XVII

(I.ouvain, 1 ' \■^\'\ rul); Bulletins

el Memniv /' /li i-i'f-' historique et htlfrair, ,lt Tuun.ui wl vols., Tournai, 1S4.5-93).

J. Warichez.

Tournefort, Joseph Pit- ton DE, French botanist, b. at .\ix in Provence, 5 June, 1656; d. at Paris, 28 Dec, 1708. .\fter his school-days at a Jesuit college he studied the- ology at Aix, but in 1677 he turned his attention entirely to botany. He .studied medi- cine at Montpellier and Barce- lona. In 1683 he was made a professor and director at the Jardin des Plantes, Paris; he became later a member of the .\cademy (1092), a doctor of medicine (1698), and professor of medicine at the College de France (1702). Tournefort is recognized as a botanical ex- l)lorer, and as the author of the .i rt i ficial system of plants named iift'T him. As a youth he ti,i\rll(<d repeatedly through \\('<li rn Europe, exploring par- ticularly the region of the Pyre- nees, in 1700-2 he visited the Orient, passing through Greece. The account of this journey, "Relation d'un voyage du i,ATED London. 181)2 Levant" (Paris, 1717), ap-

peared after his death; his work is a cla.ssic and was translated into Engli.sh (1741) and German (1776). He collected 1356 species of plants during this one journey.

Tournefort's system of classifying plants is based on the form of the corolla. Up to about 1750 the system was in high repute, being accei)ted even by Linnffiua, but as research advanced it lost its impor- tance. Of permanent importance arc the clear dis- tinction Tournefort makes between genus and species, and the exhaustive analyses of genera which he was the first to draw up and illustrate. Linna-us says of him: "Primus characteres genericoa condidit." He expounded his .system in his " Eli'-ments de botanique" (3 vols, in 8°, Paris, 1694), containing 451 plates; re- written in Latin as " Institutiones rei herbariae" (3 vols., Paris, 1700), with 476 plates (in 1703 a sup- plement was issued containing thirteen plates; a new edition bv Adrien de Ju.ssieu in 1719; English tr., Lon- don, 1735, French tr., Lyons, 1797). The "Institu-