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Rochefort, and Blessed William Arnauld, all of the Order of Saint Dominic; Blessed Bernard, Bl. J'on- tanerius, and Bl. Admarus, ecclesiastics, Blessed Garcias and Bl. Peter, laymen, massacred by the Albigensians at Avignon in 1242; the shepherdess St. Germaine Cousin of Pibrac (1579-1601); St. John Francis Regis, who joined the Jesuits at Toulouse at the age of nineteen (1597-1640).

Among natives of the diocese are: Wilham de Nogaret, the famous legist of Philip the Fair (1260- 1313), born at St. Felix de Garaman; the Jurisconsult Cujas, born at Toulouse (1522-92); Abbe Sicard (1742-1822), founder of deaf-mute instruction, born at Fousseret. The principal i>laees of pilgrimage are: Notre Dame d'Alet at Montaigut, a shrine dating from the eleventh centui-y ; Notre Dame d'Avignonet, which dates from the wondeis brought by the statue of the B. Virgin of Avignonet when the church which had been closed for forty years in consequence of the massacres committed by the Albigensians, was once more opened in the thirteenth century; Notre Dame du Bont du Puy at Valentines, a shrine dating from the sixteenth century; Notre Dame de Clary at Ces- sales, dating from the tenth or eleventh century; Notre Dame de Roqueville at Montgiscard. Prior to the application of the Associations Law of 1901 there were in the Diocese of Toulouse: Augustinians of the As- sumption, Olivetans, Capuchins, Jesuits, Dominicans, Lazarists, Trappists, Missionaries of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart, Sulpicians, priests of the Sacred Heart, and various teaching congregations of Brothers. At the close of the nineteenth century, the congregations of nuns had charge of 49 nurseries, 1 school for the blind, 1 school for deaf and dumb, 2 orphanages for boys, 12 orphanages for girls, 4 detention homes, 9 houses of charity, 15 hospitals, 8 district nursin'j homes, 4 houses of retreat, 2 lunatic asylums. In 1905 at the breach of the Concordat, there were in the Archdiocese of Toulouse 448,481 inhabitants, 44 parishes, 508 auxiUary parishes, and 61 curacies as- sisted by the State.

Gallia Christiana, nova, I (1715). 1089-1114, et inslr. 176-181; nova, XIII (1785), 1-87, 146-47, 186-99, el inslr. 1-86, 149-80; Duchesne, Fasles episcopaux, II (Paris, 1894-9); Devic and Vaissete, ed. Molinier and Roschach, Histoire du Languedoc (15 vols., Toulouse, 1872-92); Salvan, Hisloire ginerale de Viglise de Toulouse (4 vols., Toulouse, 1856-61); Cayre, Hisloire des Mques et archevlques de Toulouse (Paris, 1873); Vidal, Les origines de la province ecclesiastique de Toulouse in Annales du Midi (Toulouse, 1903); LAHONois, Toulouse ckretienne, Viglise St. Etienne cathidrale de Toulouse (Toulouse, 1890); Douai, Cartulaire de St. Sernin de Toulouse (Paris, 1887); BRiMOND, Histoire de toutes les saintes reliques conservees dans I'insigne basilique de St. Saturnin (Toulouse, 1862); Gatien-Arnoult, Histoire de Vuniversite de Toulouse (Toulouse, 1877-82); Moli- nier, Etudes suT V organisation de Vuniversite de Toulouse an XIV' et XV' siecle in Devic and Vaissete, Histoire du Languedoc, VII (Toulouse. 1879), 570-608; Mobel, Essai historique et pittoresque sur St. Bertrand de Comminges (Toulouse, 1852) ; Harot, Armorial des ivlques de Comminges (Toulouse, 1909); Idem, Armorial des Mques de Rieux (Toulouse, 1908).

Georges Goyau.

Tournai (Lat. Turnacom, Tornacdm; Flemish, Doornijk), Diocese of (Tornacensis), in Belgium. As early as the second half of the third century St. Piat evangelized Tournai; some writers represent him as the first bisho|), but this cannot be proved. Towards the end of the third century the Emperor Maximian rekindled the persecutions, and St. Piat suffered martyrdom. The great barbarian invasions began shortly afterwards, and a wave of Germanic paganism mingled with the Roman paganism, to the destruction of all Christian life. This lasted from the end of the third century till the end of the fifth. But with the progress of the Prankish race Clodion estab- lished himself at Tournai; Childerie, his successor, died there in 481. St. Romigius profited by the good will of the Frankish monarchy to organize the Catho- lic hierarchy in the north of Gaul. He confided the Diocese of Arras and C;iiiibrai to St. Vaast (Vedas- tus), and erected the See of Tournai (c. 500), appoint-

ing as its titular Eleutherius. It was probably its character of royal city which secured for Tournai this premature creation, but it soon lost its rank of capital by the departure of the Merovingian court. Nevertheless it kept its own bishops for nearly a century; then about 626 or 627, under the episcopate of St. Achar, the sees of Tournai and Noyon were united, retaining their separate organizations. Tour- nai then lost the benefit of a privileged situation, and shared the condition of the neighbouring dioceses, such as Boulogne and Therouanne, Arras and Cambrai,

OF Notre-Dame, Tottrxai

where the same titular held both sees for five hundred years. It was only in 1146 that Tournai received its own bishop.

Among its bishops may be mentioned: St. Eleuthe- rius (beginning of sixth cent urv); St. Achar (62t)-27 — 1 March, 637-38); St. Eloi (641-60); Simon de Ver- mandois (1121^6); Walter dc Marvis (1219-51), the great founder of schools and hospitals; Etienne (1192- 1203), godfather of Louis VII and minister of the queen; Andrea Chini Malpigha (1334-42), cardinal and papal legate; Guillaume Filastre (1460-73), chancellor of the Golden Fleece; Michel de Waren- ghien (1283-91), a very learned doctor; Michel d'Esne (1597-1614), the author of several works. During the Spanish domination (1521-1667) the see continued to be occupied by natives of the country, but the capture of Tournai by Louis XIV in 1667 caused it to have as bishops a series of Frenchmen: Gilbert de Choiseul du Plessis-Praslain (1670-89); Francois de La Salle de Caillebot (1692-1705); Louis Marcel de Coetlogon (1705-07); Francois de Beau- veau (1708-13). After the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) the French were replaced by Germans: Johann Ernst, Count of Lowenstein-Wcrtheim (1713-31); Franz Ernst, Count of Salm-Reiffcrscheid (1731- 1770); WiLhelm Florentine, Prince of Salm-Salm (1776-94).

It will be readily understood that the union of the see with Noyon and the removal thither of the seat of the bishopric had fa\oured the growth of the power of the chapter. The privilege [lossessed by the chap- ter imder the old regime of being composed only of nobles and scholars necessarily attracted to it those most distinguished for birth and learning. Illustrious names of France and Belgium are inscribed