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TOLEDO

archdiocese numbers (1911) one archbishopric, Mgr Bonne, 27 missionaries, 2 native priests, 23 catechists and 9858 Catholics. Tokio has 4186 Catholics di- vided into six parishes, while Yokohama, the cradle of the mission, besides the parish for foreigners, who number 492, has another church for the Japanese, who number 1213. In different towns and villages there are 50 stations provided with chapels or oratories. Until lately a great many of these parishes and sta- tions had their parochial schools, which, however, had all to be closed for want of means. Besides their or- dinary work the missionaries direct a seminary for native priests, two homes for Catholic students, an industrial school for destitute boys (69), an asjdum for the aged and homeless, and a hosiiifal with 74 lepers. They also publish two monthly magazines. Engaged in charitable, educational, and iiiission work are: 42 Brothers of Mary, of whom 9 arc .lapanese; six Jesuit Fathers, of whom one is Japanese; four Fathers of the Divine Word; 48 Ladies of St. Maur (12 Jap- anese); 23 Sisters of St. Paul (4 Japanese); and 21 Ladies of the Sacred Heart. The chronological order of their work is as follows: in 1873 the Ladies of St. Maur founded in Yokohama an asylum for destitute girls (236 inmates) ; an academy for foreigners (1874) ; and a high school for Japanese (1899). In Tokio they founded an academy (1887), and a foreign language and music school for girls of the highest nobility (1898), and in Shizuoka another high .school (1903). Tlie total number of their pupils is 947. The Sisters of St. Paul established in Tokio (1881) an asylum for destitute girls (108 inmates), an academy for foreign girls, and another one for Japanese. The total num- ber of their pupils is 477. The Brothers of Mary direct in Tokio a college (1888) with 830 pupils belong- ing to the best families, and in Yokohama a commer- cial school for foreigners (1899) with 106 pupils. The Ladies of the Sacred Heart in Tokio have charge of an academj-- for girls of the higher classes, both foreign and Japanese (190S). Already they have 121 pupils. The Jesuit Fathers arrived in Tokio in 1908, with the intention of starting a Catholic university. Finally, in 1909, Mgr Mugabure, coadjutor (1902) and suc- cresor of Mgr Osouf (1906-10), entnisted four of the western jirovinres to the care of the Fathers of the Divine \\'ord, residing at Kanazawa. In 1911 the number of baptisms were 1383; marriages, S3; burials, 1149; confirmations 452; Easter Communions, 3512. M. Steichen.

Toledo, Archdiocese of (Toletanensis), pri- matial see of Spain, who.se archbishop, raised almost always to the dignity of cardinal, occupies the first place in the ranks of the higher Spani.sh clergy. Its suffragan dioceses are Coris, Cuenea, Madrid- Alcald, Plasencia, and SigUenza. In the course of its long and varied history this diocese has under- gone many changes which have successively extended and contracted its vjist territory. Geographically its present position is a very unique one, as it con- sists of four sections separated one from the other and surrounded by other dioceses. The first or principal section (in which the City of Toledo, the capital of the diocese, is situated) is in the centre of the peninsula in the region which was known as the Kingdom of Toledo or New Castile. This section comprises the greater part of the civil Province of Toledo (the district in the north-west belonging to the Diocese of Avila; the extreme etistern strip forms a part of the Diocese of Cuenea), and on the western side it takes a small strip from the eastern section of the provinces of Cdceres and Badajoz. It is bounded on the north by the dioceses of Madrid- AIcaH and Avila: on the .south by the Diocese- Priorate of the Military Orders; on the east by the Diocese of Cuenea; and on the west by the Diocese of Plasencia. The second territorial section is formed

by a half, approximately speaking, of the eastern portion of the Province of Guadalajara, surrounded by the dioceses of Madrid-Alcald, Segovia, Si- giienza, and Cuenea. The third territorial section is formed by a great portion of the Province of Albacete on the western side (the ancient Vicarage of Alcaraz), surrounded by the dioceses of Cuenea, Murcia, and Jaen, and the Diocese -Priorate of the Military Orders. The last, and smallest territorial section consists of the eastern portion of the Province of Jaen (riu-al deanery of Cazorla) and the north- eastern portion of the Province of Granada (rural deanery of Huescar) surrounded by the dioceses of Jaen, Murcia, Almeria, and Guadix.

Christianity was introduced into Carpet ania in the first century. According to an ancient and venerable tradition the Roman, St. Eugenius, is named as the first Bishop of Toledo and the founder of the .see. Certain chronological lists give a series of bishops of Toledo prior to and following St. Eugenius, but modern historical criticism has rejected them. A fierce persecution raged in Toledo under the emperors Diocletian and Maximus, St. Leocadia being one of the most illustrious of the martyrs (9 Dec., 306). It has been asserted that after the Edict of Milan (313) Emperor Constantine raised Toledo to the rank of a metropolitan, but there is absolutely no foundation for this, as the prelates of Toledo continued to rank simply as bishops. Among the most famous during the Roman occupation were Melantius (286?-306?), who is supposed to have consecrated the church of Toledo and who wrote the life of St. Severus, martj'r; Audentius (367?), author of "De fide adver.sus ha;reticos" (which has been lost); and Isichius (Hesychius), WTiter, orator, and poet, in whose time the Visigoths took posses- sion of Carpetania and its capitalToledo (466 or 7). The diocese attained great importance during this period, as its principal city was the seat of the Visi- gothic Court. It was raised to the rank of a metro- politan and became the centre of a vast ecclesiastical province. At this time Toledo had as suffragan dioceses: Acci, Arcabrica, Basta, Beartia, Bigastrum, Castillo, Complutum, Dianium, Elotona, Illici, Mentesa, Oretum, Oxoma, Palentia, Setabi, Secobia, Segobriga, Segontia, Valentia, Valeria, and Urci. Under the bishop or archbishop Mont anus Toledo commenced to extend its primatical jurisdiction, although it was not until many centuries afterwards that this title was conferred upon it. During the Visigothic period many bi.shops, illustrious for their faith and hoUness, governed the See of Toledo. Among these may be mentioned: Julian I, author of various apologetic and moral treatises; Euphemius or Epiphanius, in whose time the Visigoths were converted to Christianity; and Aurasius (603-15), who successfully defended the claim of Toledo for metropohtan supremacy which was disputed by Cartagena.

The archbi.shops of the seventh century (615-90) were distinguished for their hohness: St. Eladius (61.5-33); St. Eugenius III (646-57), poet, theologian, and musician; St. Ildefonsus (659-68), the most notable prelate of Toledo during the Gothic epoch, conqueror of the Jovinian heres}', favoured with celestial manifestations, author of a celebrated book in defence of the virginity of Mary and of other dogmatic, moral, and historical treatises; and St. Julian II (680-90), author of many works, the best known of which is "Hisloria Rebellionis Pauli adversus Wambam". During the Mussulman occu- pation (a period of 373 years) the condition of the Christians who continued to live in the territories they had conquered was subject to many viciasitudes, but the See of Toledo did not cease to exist during this long period of captivity. Cixila (774?-783?) wrote the life of his predecessor, St. Ildefonsus; St.