Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 14.djvu/797

 TIMOTHY

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TIMOTHY

'Hamlet" 104, "Henry VIII" 4-3, "Periclea" 5-2. For a similar argument on Dante see Butler's "Para- dise", XI. The totals of hapax legomena for some of the plays are: "Julius Caesar" 93, "Comedy of i-:iT,>rs" 88, "Macbeth" 24.5, "Othello" 264, "King l.r tr" 358, "Cymbeline" 252, "Hamlet" 426, "The M' rrhant of Venice" 148. This scrutiny of the Words peculiar to each play throws light on another dilliculty in the Pastorals, viz. the recurrence of such t'x|irossions as "a faithful saying", "sound words", etc. "Moon-calf" occurs five times in "The Tem- pest", and nowhere else; "pulpit" six times in one scene of "Julius Caesar" and never elsewhere; "hovel" five times in "King Lear"; "mountaineer" four times in "Cymbeline", etc. Compare, "God forbid", M') ydvoiTo of Gal., Rom., once in I Cor. — not in the other Epistles of St. Paul. "Sound words" was used by Philo before St. Paul, in whom it may be due to intercourse with St. Luke. (See Pluniptre's list of words common to St. Luke and St. Paul, quoted in Farrar's "St. Paul", I, 481.)

Mr. Workman has overlooked one point in his very useful article. The hapax legomena are not evenly distributed over the Epistles; they occur in groups. Thus, more than half of those in Col. are found in the second chapter, where a new subject is dealt with (see Abbott, "Crit. . . . Comment, on Ep. to the Ephes. and to the Coloss." in "Intemat. Crit. Com- ment."). This is as high a proportion as in any chapter of the Pastorals. Something similar is ob- servable in II Cor., Thess., etc. Over sixty out of the seventy-five hapax lego»ieua in I Tim. occur in forty- four verses, where the words, for the most part, natu- rally arise out of the new subjects treated of. The remaining two-thirds of the Epistle have as few hapax legomena as any other portion of St. Paul's writings. Compounds of 0iX-. oIko-, biSaaK-, often objected to, are also found in his other Epistles.

The "Authorship of the Pa.storaI Epistles" was discussed in "The Church Quarterly" in October, 1906, and January, 1907. In the first the writer pointed out that the anti-Pauline h>^x)thesis pre- sented more difficulties than the Pauline; and in the second he made a detailed examination of the hapax legomena. Seventy-three of these are found in the Septuagint, of which St. Paul was a diligent student, and any of them might just as well have been used by him as by an imitator. Ten of the remainder are sug- gested by .Septuagint words, e. g. avtilKaKo^ II Tim., ii, 24, aveiLKuda. Wisd., ii, 9; avrUfaL^ I Tim., vi, 20, ivrWtTo^ ioh,\x\\\,'i\av6(VTitv I Tim., ii, 12, aiiWiTTjs Wisd., xii, 6; ycfeaKoyla I Tim., i, 4, Tit., iii, 9; ftvcaXoye'iv I Par., v, 1; iripoivos I Tim., iii, 3, Tit., i, 7, irapoiveTv Is., xli, 12, etc. Twenty-eight of the words now left are found in the chussics, and thirteen more in Aristotle and Polybiiis. Strabo, bom in 66 B. c, enables us to eliminate ypauiSr)s. All these words formed part of the Greek language current up to St. Paul's time and as well known to him as to any- body at the end of the first century. Any word used by an author contemporary' with St. Paul may rea- sonably be supposed to have been as well known to himself as to a subsequent imitator. In this way we may deduct eight of the remaining words, which are common to the Pastorals and Philo, an elder rontem- porarj' of .St. Paul. In dealing with the fifty remain- ing words we must recall the obvious farf that a new subject requires a new vocabulary. If this be neg- lected, it would be ea.sy to prove that Plato did not write the Timaeus. Organization and the conduct of pr.actic.al life, etc., cannot be dealt with in the same words in which points of doctrine are discus.^ed. This fairly accounts for eight words, such as ^ivoSoxt^', oUodtffiroTiiv^ TCKvoyoveiv^ ', Xovo/iax'a,
 * MToioXo7(a, ;«TatoX47<K, several of which were prob-

ably coined for the occasion. The element of pure chance in language accounts for "parchments", "cloak", and "stomach": he had no occasion to speak about such things previously, nor of a pagan "prophet". Seven of the remaining words are dealt with on the modest principle that words formed from composition or derivation from admittedly Pauline words may more reasonably be supposed fo come from St. Paul himself than from a purely hypothetical imi- tator, c. g. al/3CTiK6s, adj.. Tit., iii, 10; aiptais, I Cor., .xi, 19; Gal., v, 20; Siwkttjs, I Tim., i, 13; Siwkup, Rom., xii, 14, etc.; iiruruptvciv, II Tim., iv, 3; aapevav inl Rom., xii, 20; LXX, etc. Five other words are de- rived from Bibhcal words and would as easily have occurred to St. Paul as to a later WTiter. The remain- ing words, about twenty, are disposed of separately. 'ETi^dveia instead of irapovaia, for the second com- ing of Christ, is not against the Pastorals, because St. Paul's usage in this matter is not uniform. We have Ti ri/i^pa Kvpiov in I Thess., v, 2, I Cor., i, 8, v, 5; T) diroKdXvtf/is in II Thess., i, 17; and v ^incpdfeia Tfjs irapovcrlat avroO in II Thess., ii, 8. Lilley ("Pastoral Epistles", Edinburgh, 1901, p. 48) st.ates that out of the 897 words contained in the Pastorals 726 are common to them and the other books of the New Testament, and two-thirds of the entire vocabulary are found in the other Epistles of St. Paul; and this is the proportion of common words found in Galatians and Romans. The same WTiter, in his complete list of 171 hapax legomena in the Pas- torals, points out that 1 13 of these are classical words, that is, belonging to the vocabulary of one well ac- quainted with Greek; and it is not .surprising that so many are found in these Epistles which were addressed to two disciples weU educated in the Greek language. Another point much insisted upon by objectors is a certain limited literary or verbal affinity connecting the Pastorals with Luke and Acts and therefore, it is asserted, pointing to a late date. But in reality this connexion is in their favour, as there is a strong tend- ency of modern criticism to acknowledge the Lucan authorship of these two books, and Harnack has written two volumes to prove it (see Luke, Gospel OF Saint). He has now added a third to show that they were written by St. Luke before A. D. 64. When the Pastorals were written. Si. Luke was the constant companion of St. Paul, and may have acted as his amanuensis. This intercourse would doubtless have influenced St. Paul's vocabulary, and would account for such expressions as dyaffoepycTf of 1 Tim., vi, 18, dya8oTro(iv of Luke, vi, 9, dya$ovpycii', contracted from ayaeoepyeif, Acts, xiv, 17. St. Paul has ipyat^ofi^vtfi t6 d7aWi' Rom., ii, 10. — From all that has been sjiid, it is not surprising that Thayer, in his translation of Grimm's "Lexicon", WTote: "The monumental misjudgments committed by some who have made questions of authorship turn on vocabulary alone, will deter students, it is to be hoped, from misusing the lists exhibiting the pecuharities of the several books." D. Objection from stj'le. — "The comparative ab- sence of rugged fervour, the smoother flow, the heap- ing up of words, all point to another sign-manual than that of Paul" (Ency. Bib.). — Precisely the same thing coul<l be urged against some of St. Paul's other Epistles, and .against Large sections of the remainder. All critics .admit that large portions of the P;i.storals are so much like St. Paul's writings that they .actu- ally maintain that they are taken from fragments of genuine letters of the .Apostle (now lo.st). Various di.scordant attempts have been made to separate these portions from the rest, but with so little success that Jiilieher confesses that the thing is impossible. On the other h.and, it is the general opinion of the best scholars that all three Epistles are from the pen of one an<l the same writer. Th.at being the ca,se, and it being impo.ssible to deny th.at portions indistinguish- able from the rest arc by St. Paul, it follows that the