Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 14.djvu/795

 TIMOTHEUS

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TIMOTHY

intervention of our intclligcnop. Tinip is defined as ' measure of movement according to an order of Priority and posteriority {numcrujs molus sccun- V prius cl poslcrius). Once local movement is in ided into parts by thought, all the elements of the rniiK'pi of time are found in it. Motion, being otijectiveiy distinct from rest, is something real; it is endowed with true continuity; nevertheless, in so far as it is divided by the intelhgence, it contains suc- cessive parts actually distinct among themselves — some anterior, some posterior — between which we place a fleeting present. In the elaboration of the idea of time, therefore, movement furnishes the intelligence with a successive, continuous reality which is to be the real object of the concept, while the intelligence conceives it in that which it has in com- mon with all movement — that is without its specific and individual notes — and makes it, formally, time, by dividing the continuity of the movement, mak- ing actual that distinction of parts which the move- ment possesses only potentially. In fact, say the Scholastics, we never perceive time apart from move- ment, and all our measures of temporal duration are borrowed from local movement, particularly the apparent movement of the heavens.

A^Tiatever be its objectivity, time possesses three inalienable properties. First, it is irreversible; the linking of its parts, or the order of their succession, cannot be changed; past time does not come back. According to Kant, the reason of this property is found in the application to time of the principle of causality. As the parts of time, he says, are to each other in the relation of cause to effect, and as the cause is essential!}' antecedent to its effect, it is impossible to reverse this relation. .•Vccording to the Scholastics, this immutability is based upon the very nature of concrete movement, of which one part is essentially anterior to another. Secondly, time is the measure of events in this world. This raises a knotty problem, which has so far not been theoretically solved. Time can be a permanent measure only if it is concretized in a uniform movement. Now, to know the uniformity of a movement, we must know not only the space traversed, but the velocity of the transit, that is the time. Here there is unquestionably a vicious circle. Lastly, for those who concretize time in movement, a much debated question is, whether time or movement can be infinite, that is without beginning. St. Thomas and some of the Scholastics see no absolute impossibility in this, but many mod- em thinkers take a different view.

St. Thomas, Opusc. de tempore; Balmes. tr. Brownson, Fundamenlal Philosophii. Ill (New York, 1864); Kant, Kritik der Teinen Vemunft: Spencer, Principles of Psychology, II (London, 1881); Battmann, Die Lehren von Raum, Zcit u. Malhe* matik, II (Berlin, 1809): Beroson, Matiire et mtmoire (Paris, 1896); Idem, Esuai sur les donnees immidiales de la conscience (Pari.'i, 189.5): DE San, Institutiones met, speciales. Cosmologia (Louvain, 1881); von Ouvier. Was ist Raum, Zeit, Beiregung. Matset r2nd ed., Munifh. 19021: Isenkrahe, Drr Begriff der Zeit. in Philos. Jahrh„rl M'iol"- Hitzei., Raum u. Zeit (I.«ip!iig, 1907):McTaggart, 7' \ ■■ f 7,mf in .Wi«J (Oct., 1908) ;

SELLARa, CnVicaf ff-'i' " 1' mi- Problem in Joum. Phil.

Pft. and .Sc. Methods 'Ji -■ i ', i '"^ : Woodbridoe, The Problem of Time in Modern /•(,,,„,„,./,,, ,,„.;.. VII (1910).

D. Nys.

Timotheus and Symphorian, Saints, martyrs whose feast is observed on 22 August. During the pontificate of Melchiades (.311-1.3), St. Timotheus came from Antioch to Rome, where he preached for fifteen months and lived with Sylvester, who later became pope. The prefect of the city, Tarquinus Perpenna, threw him into prison, tortured, and finally behe.ided him in 311. A Christian woman named Theon buried him in her g.arden. This is related in the legend of Sylvester. The name of Timotheus occurs in the earliest martyrologies.

According to a legend of the early fifth century, St. S5miphorian of .\utun was beheaded, while still a young man, during the reign of Marcus Aurelius.

His mother, the Blessed .-Vugusta (?), encouraged him on his way to execution, 22 August, 178. Bishop Euphronius (d. 490) built a handsome church over his grave, connected with a monastery, which be- longed to the Congregation of Saint e-Genevieve from l(i.5t) until its suppression in 1791. Abbot Germanus later became Bishoj) of Paris, where he dedicated a chapel to the saint. St. Symphorian is the patron saint of Autun. His veneration spread at an early date through the empire of the Franks. His cult was especially popular at Tours; St. Gregory relates a miracle wrought by the saint.

Acta SS., August, IV, 530-35, 491 ; Ruinart, Ada Martyrum; DiNET, Saint Symphorien et son culte (2 vols., Autun, 1861); Dcchesne, Pastes ipiscopaux, I, 52.

Gabriel Meier.

Timothy .Slvirus. See Edtychianlsm; Mono-

PHYSITES.

Timothy and Titus, Epistles to (The Pas- torals). — Timothy and Titus. — Saints Timothy and Titus were two of the most beloved and trusted disciples of St. Paul, whom they accompanied in many of his journeys. Timothy is mentioned in Acts, xvi, 1 ; xvii, 14, 15, 1; xviii, 5; xix,22; xx, 4; Rom., xvi, 21; I Cor., iv, 17; II Cor., i, 1, 19; Phil., i, 1 ; ii, 19; Col., i, 1 ; I Thess., i, 1; iii, 2, 6; II Thess., i, 1; I Tim., i, 2, 18; vi, 20; II Tim., i, 2; Philem., i, 1; Heb., xiii, 23; and Titus in II Cor., ii, 13; vii, 6, 13, 14; viii, 6, 16, 23; xii, 18; Gal., ii, 1, 3; II Tim., iv, 10; Tit., i, 4. St. Timothy has been regarded by some as the "angel of the church of Ephesus", Apoc, ii, 1-17. According to the ancient Roman martyrology he died Bishop of Ephesus. The BoUandists (24 Jan.) give two lives of St. Timothy, one ascribed to Polycrates (an early Bishop of Ephesus, and a contemporary of St. Ire- nKUs) and the other by Metaphrastes, which is merely an expansion of the former. The first states that during the Neronian persecution St. John arrived at Ephesus, where he lived with St. Timothy until he was exiled to Patmos under Domitian. Timothy, who was unmarried, continued Bishop of Ephesus until, when he was over eighty years of age, he was mortally beaten by the pagans. According to early tradition Titus continued after St. Paul's death as Archbishop •f Crete, and died there when he was over ninety.

Epistles to Timothy and Titus. — Authenticity. — I. Internal Evidence. — The remainder of this article will be devoted to the important question of authen- ticity, which would really require a volume for discus- sion. Catholics know from the universal tradition and infallible teaching of the Church that these Epistles are inspired, and from this follows their Pauline authorship as they aU claim to have been WTitten by the Apostle. There was no real doubt on this question until the beginning of the nineteenth century; but since that time they have been most bitterly attacked by German and other WTiters. Their objections are principally based on internal evidence and the alleged difficulty of finding a place for them in the lifetime of St. Paul.

A. Objection from the absence of I'auline vocabu- lary. — Moffatt. a representative writer of this school, writes (Ency. Bib., IV): "Favourite Pauline phrases and words are totally wanting. . . . The extent and significance of this change in vocabulary cannot ade- quately be explained even when one assigns the fullest possible weight to such factors as change of amanuen- sis, situation or tflpic, lapse of time, literary fertility, or senile weakness." I/Ct us examine this writer's list of favourite Pauline words of the absence of which so very much is made:

'ASiKO! (unjust). — This is found in Rom., iii, 5; I Cor., vi, 1, 9, but not in any of the other Pauline epistles, admitted to be genuine by this writer. If ita absence be fatal to the Pastorals, why not also to I and II The-ss., II Cor., Gal., Philip., Col., and