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 TIBURTIUS

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TIBURTIUS

Tibetan agreement. Notwithstanding Russia's pro- test, the Indian Government proposed sending a mission to Lhasa. Finally this mission was organized in July, 1903, with Major Francis E. Younghusband at its head; this first mission was turned into a second mission with Younghusband as a commissary and General James R. L. Maodonald as commander of the military escort. The English crossed the Jelep Pass (12 Dec, 1903), occupied Phari (19 Dec), stormed Gyantse (12 April, 1904), and entered Lhasa on 3 August; the dalai lama was in flight. A treaty was signed on 7 September; the British troops left Lhasa and they were back in India on 25 October. The treaty was ratified by the Viceroy of India on 11 Nov., 1904; it included ten articles: The Government of Tibet engaged to respect the Anglo- Chinese Convention of 1890 and to recognize the frontier between Siklcim and Tibet; undertook to open forthwith trade-marts, to which all British and Tibetan subjects should have free right of access at Gyantse and Gastok as well as at Yatung; the roads to Gyantse and Gastok from the frontier were to be kept clear of all obstructions; an indemnity of £500,000, reduced since to one-third this amount, was to be paid to the British Government for the expense incurred in the despatch of armed troops to Lhasa; all forts and fortifications were to be razed and all armaments removed which might impede the course of free communication between the British frontiers and the towns of Gyantse and Lhasa. These terms were really very moderate. On 27 April, 1906, a convention was signed at Peking by Sir Ernest Mason Satow for Great Britain and by Tang Shao-yi for China, including six articles: the Lhasa Convention was confirmed; Great Britain engaged not to annex Tibetan territory or to interfere in the administration of Tibet; China also undertook not to permit any other foreign state to interfere with the territory or internal administration of Tibet. Finally, in 1907, Russia and Great Britain also signed a convention: both parties engaged to respect the territorial integrity of Tibet and to abstain from all interference in its internal administration, not to send representatives to Lhasa, neither to seek nor to obtain, whether for themselves or for their subjects, any concessions for railways, roads, telegraphs, and mines, or other rights in Tibet. From this time the Tibetan frontier has been closed to all foreigners, though the prohibition has been eluded by the daring Swedish explorer, Sven Hedin. The dalai lama had fled to Urga, in Mongolia, which he left in the summer of 1907 to settle at the Kun Bum Monastery; after- wards, in 1908, he went to the celebrated pilgrimage of Shan-si, Wu tai Shan, whence he repaired to Peking. An audience was granted to him by the emperor and he was allowed to leave the Chinese capital on 21 Dec, 1908, and return to Lhasa, where he was not to stay long; a body of Chinese troops invaded Tibet, the dalai lama fled to Darjeeling, and the result of the policy of both Great Britain and Russia has been the virtual annexation of Tibet by China.

Missions. — Since the Capuchins were expelled in 1760, except the Lazarists Hue and Gabet, who paid a visit to Lhasa in 1844, no missionary en- tered Tibet proper. The Vicar Apostolic of Hindu Tibet, Giuseppe Antonio Borghi, Bishop of Batsaida, begged to be relieved of part of his work, and conse- qiiently on 21 March, 1846, Gregory XVI created the Vicariate Apostolic of Lhasa. The new vicariate was placed in charge of the Foreign Missions of Paris, and in 1847 Mgr Piirocheau, of Sze-ch'wan, sent Father Charles-Ren6 Renou (b. 22 Aug., 1812; d. 18 Oct., 1863) through Bat'ang to Cha-mu-to, some thirty days in the interior of Tibet, but being dis- covered, he was sent back to Ch'eng-tu. Renou being appointed Prefect Apostolic of Eastern Tibet was to enter his mission via Yun-nan, while Rabin, Prefect

Apostolic of Southern Tibet, was to penetrate into the country by the way of Northern India with Fathers Krick and Bernard. Nicholas-Michel Krick (b. 2 March, 1819) and Auguste-Etienne Bourry (b. 26 Dec, 1826) were murdered by the .\bors on 1 Sept., 1854. Finally the vicariate was established in the eastern portion of Tibet and the western portion of Sze-ch'wan with Jacques-L(5on-Thomine Desmazurea (b. 17 Feb., 1S04; d. 25 Jan., 1869), Bishop of Sinopolis (1857), who resigned in 1864. His successors have been Joseph-Marie Chauveau (b. 24 Feb., 1816; d. 21 Dec, 1877), Bishop of Sebastopolis (1850) and Vicar Apostolic of Tibet (1864-77); Felix Biet (b. 21 Oct., 1838; d. 9 Sept., 1904), Bishop of Diana. The present vicar Apostolic is Pierre-Philippe Glraudeau (b. 17 March, 18.50), since 1901, Bishop of Tiniade (12 Dec, 1897), with his residence at Ta-Tsien-lu. The mission includes (1910) 21 European priests, 2407 Catholics, and 600 catechumens. It has en- dured cruel persecutions during recent years. Among the missionaries of Tibet must be mentioned the well-known traveller and scholar, Auguste Des- godins (b. 1826), now living at Darjeeling, author of a large " Dict.ionnaire thibetain-latin-frangais", and of a Tibetan grammar, printed at Hong-Kong in 1899.

Hue, Recollections of a journey through Tartary, Thibet, and Chim (1844-6). tr. (New York. 1852); Desgodins, Le Thibet, (Tapr&s la correspondance des missionnaires (Paris, 1885); Krick, Relation d'un voyage au Thibet en 1852 (Paris. 1854) ; Narratives of the Missions of George Bogle to Thibet and of the Journey of Thomas Manning^ to Lhasa, ed. Markham (London. 1877); BoNirj, Les derniers voyages dans le Tibet oriental (Paris, 1899); Hedin, Central Asia and Tibet (London, 190;i) ; Idem, Trans-Himalaya: discoveries and adventures in Tibet (New York, 1909); Rockhill. The Land of the Lamas (New York, 1S91): Idem, The Dalai Lamas of Lhassa (Leyden, 1910); Bonvalot, De Paris au Tonkin a trovers le Tibet inconnu (Paris, 1892); Crosbt. Tibet and Turkestan (New York, 1903); Black, The Trade and Re- sources of Tibet (London, 1908); Macdonald, Through the Heart of Tibet (London, 1910); Waddell, Lhasa and its Mysteries (London, 1905); Landon, The Opening of Tibet (New York, 1905); Deasy, Li Thibet and Chinese Turkestan (London, 1901); Younghusband, India and Tibet (London, 1910).

Henri Cordier.

Tiburtius, Valerian, and Mazimus, S.^ints. See Cecilia, S.\ixt.

Tiburtius and Susanna, S.\ints, Roman martyrs, feast 11 August. The story is related in the legend of St. Sebastian that Chromatins, prefect of Rome, con- demned se^•eral Christians to death. The prefect, however, was converted by ,St. Tranquillinus and bajitized by Polycarp. Tiburtius, the only son of Chromatins, was also baptizctl through the persua- sion of St. Sebastian, who was his godfather in bap- tism. Tiburtius during the persecution of Diocletian lay hidden in his father's hou.se. Accused by a traitor, he was brought before the prefect Fabianus and tried. He confessed his faith which he confirmed by a miracle, for protecting himself only by the sign of the cross he walked over red-hot coals b;irefoot with- out suffering any injury. But the miracle was as- cribed to magic and Tiburtius was beheaded at the third mile-stone of the Via Lavicana. This was in the year 286. The spot of execution was called, "at the two laurel trees".

Saint Susanna, virgin and martyr, is said to have been the daughter of St. Gabinius. She was beheaded about the year 295, at the command of Diocletian, in her father's house. This house and the adjoining one belonging to her uncle, the i)refect Caius, which were near the two l:iurel trees, were turned into a church, later the titular church of St. .Susanna nd dutis domos (cf. Kehr, "Italia pontificia". I, 61 sq.). The au- thenticity of the Acts of Sts, Seb-astian and Susanna has been rightly questioned ; however, the mart>Tdom3 and the day of death (11 .\ugust) are established by the witness of the oldest Martyrologies and the earliest l>laccs of worship.

Acta an.. II Feb., 271-7; III April. 14-6; and II August, B 1 3-32.

Gabriel Meier.