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twenty-four townships in the County of Sherbrooke. Later on, this territory was divided, especially for the erection of the Diocese of Sherbrooke and of the Vicariate-Apostolic of Pontiac. Lastly, in July 1SS5, all the parishes of the southern shore were erected into the Diocese of Nicolct. It now comprises forty-three parishes and eight missions. The Catho- lic population is 84, (XX); non-Catholic 800, of whom 600 are Protestants.

The first bishop, Mgr. Thomas Cooke, died In 1870 and was succeeded bj' Mgr. Louis-Francois Lafleche, administrator of the diocese from 1869 to 1898, year of his death. Mgr. F.-X. Cloutier is the present and third Bishop of Three Rivers; born at Ste-Genevieve de Batiscan, Champlain, Quebec, 2 November, 1848, he was ordained priest, 22 September, 1872, appointed Bishop of Three Rivers, 8 May, 1899, and conse- crated on 2.5 July following by Mgr. L.-N. Begin, Archbishop of Quebec. The diocese contains 10 secular priests; 1 convent of Franciscan Fathers; 1 house of Oblate Fathers; 10 schools of brothers; com- mercial colleges, academies, etc., 4 under the direction of the Brothers of tlie Christian Schools, 3 imder the direction of the Brothers of Christian Instruction, 2 under the direction of the Brothers of St. Gabriel, 1 under the direction of the Brothers of the Sacred Heart. There is also a juniorate in charge of the Brothers of Christian Instruction.

The institutes of women are: iTsulines, 7 convents; Sisters of the Congregation of Notre-Dame, 2 con- vents; Sisters of the Assumption, 4 convents; Sisters of the Good Shepherd, 1 convent; Gray Nuns of the Cross, 1 convent; Daughters of Jesus, 2 convents, 1 kindergarten for boys and 13 schools for girls and boys; the Sisters of Charity of Providence, with 4 or- phanages, 2 boarding-schools for girls, 4 asylums, and 1 hospital; Dominican Sisters of the Holy Rosary, 1 orphanage, they also have charge of 2 religious in- stitutions; Sisters Adorers of the Precious Blood, 1 monastery.

The churches, mostly all of them remodeled, are re- markable in structure and in size. The cathedral, erected in 18.54, and restored in 1904, is a magnificent monument of Gothic architecture. The schools in each parish are numerous and well conducted. The Seminary of Three Rivers, founded in 1860, has a yea.rly attendance of 300 students. Religious and benevolent societies are numerous and flourishing. The diocese has also literarj' circles. Young Men's Associations, savings' banks, parochial libraries, and temperance societies.

N. Marchand.

Three Witnesses. See John, Epistles of Saint.

Throndhjem. See Trondhjem.

Throne (Lat. thronux, cathedra, sedes episcopalis), the scat the bishop uses when not engaged at the altar. If the altar stands near the entrance to the choir, then, according to the " Ca>remoniale episco- porum", the throne is to be placed at the apex of the apse in the centre of the stalls of the canons that join it to the right and left. If, however, the altar is placed close to the wall of the apse, or is only a short distance from this wall, the throne mu.st be placed on the Gospel side of the choir. According to the "C;r- remoniale episcoporum" the throne is to be made in vindiim rnlhedrcr el thrnni immnhilix fin the fa.shion of an immovable chair or throne) such as is still to be seen in many old churches. Con.sequently an or- dinary chair, used temporarily or only for the mo- ment, does not suffice as the throne of a bishop. Further directions arc forma prnmUa el sublimis, that is, the chair must have a high back and arms, and be raised above the floor so that three steps lead up to it . The steps are to be covered by a carpet, the throne itself is to have spread over it a silk cover of the same

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colour as the bishop's vestments, but not of cloth of gold, unless the bishop should be a cardinal. The throne can be surmounted by a baldachino onl.v when there is a baldachino above the altar, or when the altar has a ciborium altar over it. When in another diocese, a bishop can only use the throne by virtue of a letter of dispensation from the diocesan bishop. Should a cardinal be present, the bishop must jield the throne to the cardinal and use a faldistorium placed on the Gosjiel side of the altar, that, is, a four- legged faldstool with arms. Auxiliary bishops must always use a/«Wjston'um.. Abbots have the right to a throne in their own churches, but this throne can only have two .steps leading to it, and cannot have a bal- dachino over it.

Time has made no essential changes in the episcopal cathedra. At different pe- riods, especially in the twelfth and thirteenth 'centu- ries, the throne had the form of a faldistorium, but as a rule it always showed the ancient characteristic type of a seat, secured to the spot where it stood, with arms and a back of some height. The modifications that it underwent in the course of time resulted solely from the changes in the style of the art, and were therefore merely conventional. The episcopal throne in the pre-Carlovingian period has been already treated in the article Cathedra. Other examples of the same era are the throne at Naples in tlie Cliurch of St. Januarius, and the one in the Chiu'ch of Santa Maria della Sanit^; at Rome in San Pietro in Vincoli, San Gregorio in Celio, San Alessandro, in the Via Noraentana; at Ravenna, in San Apollinare Nuovo, besides other thrones that are in part ancient stools, e.'^pecially stools for the bath. Thrones belonging to 1 he Midrllr Ages and the twelfth century arc to be foiuul at C:iii<>s.sa, Bari, in the grotto church of Monte Gargano, in St. Emmeram at Ratis- bon, in Santa Maria in Cosmedin and in San Cle- mente at Rome. Excellent examples of thirteenth- century thrones are those in the Churches of San Cesario, SS. Nereo ed Achilleo, and San I^renzo fuori le mura, at Rome. There arc surprisingly few thrones of the late medieval period still in existence. Episcojial thrones that are or were surmounted by a structure similar to a baldachino are those at Tor- cello, Grado, and Augsburg. That as early as the eighth or ninth century the throne did not always stand at the apex of the apse, but was also placed to the right of the altar, is evident from the Roman "Ordines" of that era. However, what may have been less usual at that period became froip the twelfth century customary, because it became usual to place the altar near the wall of the apse, and also to place a reredos upon the table, at least on feast days.

CocT. episcop.. I. xii, 10: xiii. 1 sqq.; Th.^lbofer. Liturgilc, I (Freiburg. ISS.'J); Leclehcq in Cabrol. Did. d'arch. chr(t.,B.v. Chaire episcopate ; see bibli. to Cathedra.

Joseph Braun.

Thuburbo Minus, a titular see in Africa Procon- Bularis, suffragan of Cart hage. Thubiirbo M inus is men- tioned in the "Itincrar.Antonin.", 44, and the "Tabula