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 THOMISM

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THOMISM

rest after the disturbances caused by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, closer attention was given to ecclesiastical studies and Scholasticism was revived. This movement eventually caused a revival of Thomism, because the great master and model proposed by Leo XIII in the Encyclical "yEterni Patris" (4 Aug., 1879) was St. Thomas Aquinas. (For information concerning this move- ment, its leaders, and their work, see Neo-Scho- LASTicisM. The principal works pertaining to this period will be mentioned below in bibliography.) The Thomistic doctrine had received strong support from the older universities. Among these the Encyc- lical "^terni Patris" mentions Paris, Salamanca, Alcald, Douai, Toulouse, Louvain, Padua, Bologna, Naples, and Coimbra as "the homes of human wis- dom where Thomas reigned supreme, and the minds of all, teachers as well as taught, rested in wonderful harmony under the shield and authority of the Angelic Doctor". In the universities established by the Dominicans at Lima (1551) and Manila (1645) St. Thomas always held sway. The same is true of the Minerva school at Rome (1255), which ranked as a university from the year 1580, and is now the inter- national Collegio Angehco. Coming down to our own times and the results of the Encyclical, which gave a new impetus to the study of St. Thomas's works, the most important centres of activity are Rome, Louvain, Fribourg (Switzerland), and Wash- ington. At Louvain the chair of Tliomistic philoso- phy, established in 1880, became, in 1889-90, the "Institut supi?rieur de philo.sophie" or "Ecole St. Thomas d'Aquin," where Professor Mercier, now Cardinal Archbishop of Mechlin, ably and wisely directed the new Thomistic movement (see De Wulf, "Scholasticism Old and New", tr. Coffey, New York, 1907, append., p. 261; "Irish Eccl. Record", Jan. 1906). The theological department of the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, established in 1889, has been entrusted to the Dominicans. By the publication of the "Revue thomiste" the professors of that university have contributed greatly to a new knowl- edge and appreciation of St. Thomas. The Consti- tution of the Catholic University of America at Washington enjoins special veneration for St. Thomas; the School of Sacred Sciences must follow his leader- ship ("Const. Cath. Univ. Amer.", Rome, 1889, pp. 38, 43). The LTniversity of Ottawa and Laval Univer- sity are the centres of Thomism in Canada. The appreciation of St. Thomas in our days, in Europe and in America, is well set forth in Perrier's excellent "Revival of Scholastic Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century" (New York, 1909).

IV. Eminent Thomists. — After the middle of the fourteenth century the vast majority of philosophical and theological wniters either wrote commentaries on the works of St. Thomas or based their teachings on his writings. It is impossible, therefore, to give here a complete list of the Thomists: only the more important names can be given. Unless otherwise noted, the authors belonged to the Order of St. Dominic. Those marked (*) were devoted to Tho- mism in general, but were not of the Thomistic School. A more complete hst will be found in the works cited at the end of this article.

Thirteenth Ontury. — Thomas de Cantimpr6 (1270); Hugh of St. Cher (1263); Vincent of Bau- vais (1264); St. Raymond de Pennafort (1275); Peter of Tarentai.se (Pope Innocent V — 1276); Giles de Lassines (1278); Reginald de Piperno (1279); William de Moerbeka (1286); Raymond Marti (1286); Bernard de Trilia (1292); Bernard of Hotun, Bishop of Dubhn (1298); Theodoric of Apoldia (1299); Thomjis Sutton (1300).

Fourteenth Century. — Peter of Auvergne (1301); Nicholas Boccasini, Benedict XI (1304); CSodfrey of Fontaines (1304); Walter of Winterburn (1305);

^gidius Colonna (.(Egidius Romanus), O.S.A. (1243-1316); WiUiam of Paris (1314); Gerard of Bologna, Carmehte (1317); four biographers, viz. Peter Calo (1310); WiUiam de Tocco (1324); Barto- lommeo of Lucca (1327); Bernard Guidonis* (1331); Dante (1321); Natahs Herva;us (1323); Petrus de Palude (Paludanusi — 1342); Thomas Bradwardin, Archbishop of Canterbury (1349); Robert Holkott (1349); John Tauler (1361); Bl. Henry Suso (1365); Thomas of Strasburg, O.S.A. (1357); Jacobus Pass- avante (1357); Nicholas Roselh (1362); Durandus of Aurillac (1382), sometimes called Durandulus, because he wrote against Durandus a S. Portiano*, wlio was first a Thomist, afterwards an independent writer, attacking many of St. Thomas's doctrines; John Bromyard (1390)"; Nicholas Evmeric (1399).

Fifteenth Century. — Manuel Calecas (1410); St. Vincent Ferrer (1415); Bl. John Dominici (1419); John Gerson*, chancellor of the University of Paris (1429); Luis of Valladohd (1436); Raymond Sabunde (1437); John Nieder (1437); Capreolus (1444), called the "Prince of Thomists"; John de Montenegro (1445); Fra Angehco (1455); St. Antoninus (1459); Nicholas of Cusa*, of the Brothers of the Common Life (1464) ; John of Torquemada (de Turrecrematai, 1468); Bessarion, Basilian (1472); Alanus de Rupe (1475); John Faber (1477); Petrus Niger (1471); Peter of Bergamo (1482); Jerome Savonarola (1498).

Sixteenth Century. — Felix Faber (1502); Vincent Bandelli (1506); John Tetzel (1519); Diego de Deza (1.523); Sylvester MazzoUni (1523); Fi-ancesco Sil- vestro di Ferrara (1528); Thomas de Vio Cajetan (1534); commentaries by these two are published in the Leonine edition of the works of St. Thomas. Conrad Koellin (1536); Chrysostom Javelli (1538); Santes Pagnino (1541); Francisco de Vitoria (1546); Franc. Roma?us (1552); Ambrosius Catherinus* (Lancelot PoUti, 1553); St. Ignatius of Loyola (1556) enjoined devotion to St. Thomas; Matthew Ory (1557); Dominic Soto (1560); Melchior Cano (1560); Ambrose Pelargus (1561); Peter Soto (1563); Sixtus of Siena (1569); John Faber (1570); St. Pius V (1572); Bartholomew Medina (1.581); Vincent Justiniani (1582); Maldonatus* (Juan Maldonado, 1583); St. Charles Borromeo* (1584); Salmer6n* (1585); Yen. Louis of Granada (1588); Bartholomew of Braga (1.590); Toletus* (1596); BL Peter Canisius* (1597); Thomas Stapleton*, Doctor of Louvain (1598); Fonseca (1599); Molina* (1600).

Seventeenth Century. — Valentia * (1603); Do- mingo Banez (1604); Viisquez* (1604); Bart. Ledesma (1604); Sdnchez * (1610); Baronius * (1607) ; Capponi a Porrecta (1614); Aur. Menochio * (1615); Petr. Ledesma (1616); Sudrez * (1617); Du Perron *, a con- verted Calvinist, cardinal (1618) ; Bellarmine * (1621) ; St. Francis de Sales* (1622); Hieronymus Medices (1622); Lessius * (1623); Becanus * (1624); Malvenda (1628) ; Thomas de Lemos (1629) ; Alvarez; Laymann* (1635); Joann. Wiggers *, doctor of Louvain (1639); Gravina (1643); John of St. Thomas (1644); Serra (1647); Ripalda*, S. J. (1648); Svlvius (Du Bois), doctor of Douai (1649); Petavius * (1652); Goar (1625); Steph. Menochio*, S. J. (1655); Franc. Pignatelli * (165(i); De Lugo * (1660); BoUandu.s* (1665); Jammv (1665); Vallgornera (1665); Labbe* (1667); Pallavicini * (1667); Busenbaum * (1668); Nicolai * (1673); Contenson (1674); Jac. Pignatelh * (1675); Passerini * (1677); Gonet (1681); Bancel (1(585); Thomassin * (1695); Goudin (1695); Sfron- dati* (1696); Qu«if (1698); Rocaberti (1699); Ca.sana(e (1700). To this period belong the Carme- lite Sahnanticenses, authors of the "Cur.sus tlieologi- cus" (1631-72).

Eighteenth Centurv. — Guerinois (1703); Bossuet, Bp. of Meaux; Norisiiis, O.S.A. (1704): Diana (1705); Tlivrsiis (lonzdiez* (1705); Mas.souhe (1706);" Du- hamel* (1706); Wigandt (1708); Piny (1709); Lacroix*