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 THOMAS

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THOMAS

vicars, visiting them regularly, and showing himself a model pastor by his holiness and wide charity. In June, 1275, he was appointed Bishop of Hereford, and was consecrated by his friend Cardinal Kilwardby (8 Sept, 1275). As bishop he continued his apos- tolic life, labouring incessantly for the good of his people, maintaining the privileges and property of his diocese again.st Gilbert of Gloucester, Llewellyn, and others, supporting Edward I in his struggle with Llewellyn, combating the unjust practiccsof the Jews, and reforming the clergy, secular and regular. He came into conflict with Archbi.shop Pcckhaiu on ques- tions of jurisdiction, and at the Couiiril of Kradiug (July, 1279) led the resistance nf lli(> bishops to the policy of Pcckham. (Vnr the :ii(ir!cs ciiibddying the points in dispute see Wilkiiis, "( 'luiiili.i ", 11,75.) His personal differences with i'l ckhuni led first to his with- drawal to Normandy that he might avoid an interdict and appeal to Rome, and sub.sequently in 1282 to his actual excommunication by the archbishop. He then went to Rome to plead his own cause before Pope Martin IV, who received him kindly. But his failing health succumbed to the fatigue of the journey and the summer heat. He was buried at Orvieto, but subsequently his relics were brought back to Here- ford, where many miracles were WTOught by his inter- cession and his shrine became second only to that of St. Thomas of Canterburj-. ' He was canonized by John XXII (17 April, 1320), and his festival, formerly observed on 2 October, is now kept in England on 3 October.

Straxoe. Life and Gesls of Thomas of Cantelupe (Ghent, 1674; London. 1879); Bollandists, Acta SS., I Oct. (based on the Processus Cnnonizationis (Vatican MS. 4015) also Bib. Hag. Lat. (1901); Caporave, Nom legenda Anglia (Oxford. 1901); SuRins, De probalis .'ianclorum vilis (Turin, 1875-80); Bdtler, Lives of the Saints, Oct. 2; Challoner, Britannia sancta (London, 1745); Tout in Diet. Nat. Biog.. a. v. Cantelupe, Thomas de (giving list of the abundant niedieva! materials too numerous to be quoted here): Hardy, Descriptive Catalogue (for MSS. sources), I and III (London, 1862-71); Bihl. de Vecole de chartes, IV (Paris. 1893).

Edwin Burton.

Thomas of Jesus (Thomas de Andrada), re- former .and preacher, b. at Lisbon, 1529; d. at Sagcna, Morocco, 17 April, 1.582. He was educated by the Augustinian Hermits from the age of ten, entered the order at Lisbon in 1534, completed his studies at Coimbra. and was appointed novice-master. In his zeal for primitive observance he attempted a thorough re- form of the order, but the opposition was such that he was obliged to desist. However, the event ual est ablish- ment of the Discalccd or Reformed August inians is attributed to the initiative of Thomas de Andrada (see Hermits of St. Augustine). High in favour at Court, Thomas assisted, in 1578, at the death of John III, of which he has left an interesting narrative in a letter still extant.

John's successor, Sebastian, immediately set out on his ill-starred expedition to Africa (see Portugal), and he insisted that Thomas should accompany the forces. The holy Hermit laboured among the sol- diery with his accustomed zeal until wounded and taken captive at Alcacer, 1578. A Mohammedan monk became his master and, first by kindness then by torture, strove to .secure his perversion. Into the dungeon where he was confined a faint gleam pene- trated for a short period at midday, and by that light, day after day, Thomas composed for the comfort of his fellow-prisoners his great work, "Os trabalhos de Jesus", contemplations on the sufferings of Jesus, which have since proved the nourishment and edifica- tion of countless souls. The Portuguese ambassador, learning of his pitiable plight, rescued Thomas and placed him under the care of a Christian merchant. But he begged to be sent on at once to Sagcna, where some two thousand of the poorest caj)tives were detained. There he commenced an apostolate which was soon blessed with marvellous fruit; the jail

seemed transformed into a monastery, numbers were saved from apostasy or reconciled, and several of his penitents suffered a glorious martyrdom. Mean- while vigorous efforts were being made to procure hie complete liberation, but Thomas declared that, cap- tive or free, he would remain to the end in the service of the Christian slaves of the Moors. His enfeebled frame at last succumbed to the combined effects of his sufferings, toils, and austerities. He spent his dying breath in reassuring some poor Christians on the point of apostasy that their ransom would arrive by a cer- tain date if they persevered, as indeed it did.

Since early in the eighteenth century there have been several English editions of Thomas's famous work on the Passion, but the last complete version has long been out of print.

For biography see Intrnduclion to Sufferings of Jesus (tr., Lon- don. 1863). For interesting and complete account of various English versions of Os trabalhos de Jesus see Prehtaqe in Bdtetim da segunda classe: Academia das Sciencias de Lisboa, IV, No. 1 (Lisbon, 1911).

Vincent Scdllt.

Thomas of Jorz (often but erroneously called Joyce and frequently referred to as Anglos or Angli- cus), theologian and cardinal, date of birth and cir- cumstances of his education unknown; d. at Grenoble, 13 December, 1310. He entered the Order of Preachers in England, and was remarkable for his piety, eru- dition, and executive abihty. He was master of the- ology at O.xford, acted as prior of the Dominican con- vent there, and afterwards served as Pin\incial of the English Province for seven j'ears (129(1-1303). He stood in special favour with Edward, King of Eng- land, acting as his confessor and executing several commissions for him. While at Lyons on a commis- sion for the king, 15 Dec, 1305, he was created Car- dinal Priest of Santa Sabina by Clement V. This pope also appointed him legate to Henry VII, King of Germany, but in fulfilling the appointment he was taken sick and died. His body was afterwards trans- ferred to O.xford and buried under the choir of the Dominican church. His writings are often confused with those of Thomas of Wales, O.P., al.so called An- glus or Anglicus. His most important work is "Com- mentaria in IV libros Sententiarum". The com- mentary on the first book (Venice, 1523) still enjoys popularity, and offers a concise and complete refuta- tion of the attacks made by Scotus on the teachings of Saint Thomas.

Qu^TiF-F.CHARD, Script, ord. P., I (Paris, 1719), 508-10; Toi-Kov, Hom. ill. Domin., 1 (Paris, 1743), 745-53; Baldze, Vila pap. Aven., I (Paris, 1693), 582^; KlNGSFOBD in Diet. Nat. Bio,]., a, V. Jorz, Lelono, Bibl, sac, II (Paris, 1723), 799, 988; Ta.nser, Bibl. brit.-hib. (London, 1748), 749; Hurter, No- menclator.

Ignatius Smith.

Thomas of Strasburg, a fourteenth-century scholastic of the Augustinian Order, b., according to some writers, at Hagenau in Alsace, according to others, at Strasburg; d. 1.357. It was probably at Strasburg that he entered the Augustinian Order, and there he began his career as a teacher. About the year 1341 he went to Paris and became famous as a teacher in the university. In 1345 he was elected general of his order, a position which he held until his death. As generalj he undertook the revision of the consti- tution of his order, and published the revised statutes under the title "Const it utiones Ordinis Sui". He interested himself also in the promotion of study among the members of his order, and was instru- mental in founding at Verona in 1351 a sludium (jenerale, or university, for the study of logic, philos- ophy, and theology. His best known work is a com- mentary on the "Books of Sentences" of Peter the Lombard, published at .'Strasburg in 1490 (other editions: Venice, 15G4 and 15SS; Genoa, 1.585; Geneva, 1035). He was also the author of sermons, medita- tions, and letters, still unpublished.