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 THOMAS

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THOMAS

don, 1529); "The Supplyracyon of Soulys" (Lon- don, 1529(?j), written in answer to Fish's "Suppliea- tion of the Beggars"; "Syr Thom;is More's answer to the fyrste parte of the poysoned booke . . . named 'The Souper of the Lorde' " (London, 1532); "The Second parte of the Confutacion of Tyndal's Answere . . ." (London, 1533) ; these two works together form the most lengthy of all More's writings; besides Tindal, Robert Barnes is dealt with in the last book of the whole; "A Letter impugnynge the erronyoiise wrytyng of John Fryth against the Blessed Saeraraent of the Aultare" (London, 1533); "The Apologye of Syr Thomas More, Knyght, made by him anno 1533, after he had given over the ofhce of Lord Chanoellour of Englande" (London, 1533); "The Debellacyon of Salem and Bizance" (London, 1533), an answer to the anonymous work entitled "Salem and Bizance", and vindicating the severe punishment of heresy; "A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation . . ." (London, 1553). Among the other WTitings in the collected volume of "English Works" are the following which had not been previously published: An unfinished treatise "uppon those words of Holy Scripture, 'Memorare novissima et in et«mum non peccabis ' ", dated 1522; "Treatise to receive the blessed Body of our Lorde, sacramentally and \'irtually both"; "Treatise upon the Passion" unfinished; "Certcin devout and vertuouse Instruceions, Meditacions and Prayers"; besides some letters written while in the Tower, in- eluding his touching correspondence with his daughter Margaret. A complete bibliography of More's WTitings will be fuimd in (lillow, "Bibliographical Dictionary of English Catholics" (London, s. d.), V, 99-116.

For fulle.st list vet published see Catalogue of books of or on Sir Thomas More, eoUecled by Alfred Cock. Q.C., and now at the Guildhall Library (London, 1903), also Transactions of the Bihl. Soc, V (1901). 177-180.

Original sources, besides the above: Letters and Papers of the reign of Henry VIII, ed. Brewer, Gairdner. and Brodie, III-VIII (London. 1875-85); Calendar of Slate Papers, Venrlian, ed. Browne, IN. IV (London, 1869, 71) : Idem. England and Spain. ed. Bergenroth and Gatanqos, II-V (London, 1866-86) ; D. Erasmi EphtoUe, ed. Le Clerc (Lcyden, 1706), contains 19 letters from Alore to Erasmus and 24 "from Erasmus to More; Baga de Secretis, pouch 7, bundle 3, contains the records of the trial.

Complete lives: Roper, The Life. Arraigttement and Death of that Mirrour of all true Honour and Vertue. Syr T. More (Paris, 1626), re-ed. from a better MS. with valuable notes by Lewis (1729), reprinted in the King's Classics (1903); H.4BP8Field, Life of Sir T, More, founded on Roper, several copies exist in MS., e. g. British Museum, Harleian MS., 62.53; Stapleton, Tres Thomae (Antwerp. 1588); Barnstaple (?). Life of More. printed in Dr. Wordsworth's Ecclesiastical Biog., II, 181, from a MS. in the Lambeth Library the preface to which is signed Ro. Ba., which Gillow proposes to read as Robert Barn- staple; Cresacre More. Life and Death of Sir Thomas More. . . (Paris, 1626), re-ed. Hunter with valuable notes (London, 1828); The Mirrour of Vertue (London, 1626); Hoddesden. The Hist, of the Life and Death of Sir T. More (London, 1662); War.n'ER. Memoirs of the Life of Sir Thomas More (London, 1758); Cayley. Memoirs of Sir T. More (London, 1808); von RcDHART, T, Morus aus den Quellen bearbeitet (Nuremberg, 1829); Walter. Sir T. More, his Life ami Times (London, 1840); Macki.vtosh, Life of Sir T. More (London, 1844); Bridqett, Life and Writings of Sir Thomas More (London, 1891), quite the most valuable life vet produced; Idem. The WU and Wisdom of Sir Thomas More (London, 1893) ; Hutton. Life of Sir T. More (London. 1895); Bremond, tr. Child. .Sir Thomas More (London, 1904); essays and chapters in larger worlcs. etc.: Sandeb (ed. Lewls), Rise and Growth of the Anijlieart Schism (London, 1877); Campbell, Lip« of the Lord Chancellors. I (London, 1848), 507-94; Nisard, Etude* sur la Renaissance (Paris, 1877), pt. II; Seebohm. Oxford Reformers of U9S (London, 1867), fantastic and misleading; Drane. The Three Clianccllors, Wykeham. Waynflete, More (lyondon. 1890); Lilly, Renaissance Types (London, 1901). .309-78: Gairdner, Lollardy and the Reformation. I (Ixindon, 1908); Idem, The English Church in the IGth Century (London, 1902); Dixon, Hitt. of the Church of England. I (Ixjndon, 1878); Gasquet. Henry VIII and the English Monasteries (London, 1888); Idem. The Eve of the Reformation (London, 1900); Idem, The OUI English Bible (Ixindon, 1897): Brewer, The Reign of Henry VIII (London, 1881); the following are more or less fanciful: Hetwood. // Mora (Florence. 1.5.i6); Mab.sdev. Philmorus (London, 1842); Manning, The Household of Sir Thomas More (Ixindon, 1851).

G. Roger Hudleston.

Thomas of Beckingfton (Bekynton), Bishop of Bath and Wellis, b. at Beckington, Somerset, about

1390; d. at Wells, 14 Jan., 1465. He w.-is edtic-ited at Winchester (1404) and New Cullcgc, Oxford (140tj). After his ordination as priest he ar(|uircd much eccle- siastical preferment, including the archdeaconry of Buckingham and a canonry at Wells. Being a skilled canon lawyer he was made dean of the Arches in 1423. He was also frequently employed as Enghsh ambas- sador abroad. His influence with the young King Henry VI was so great that he was appointed lord privy seal in 1442; and in the following year the pope nominated him Bishoi) of Bath and Wells. He was consecrated, 13 Oct., 1442, at the new foundation of Eton College, in which he took great interest. As bishop he rebuilt the episcopal palace at Wells, and greatly improved the city. He was a lover of learn- ing and a munificent patron to houses of education, particularly Winchester School and Lincoln College, 0.^cford.

Beckington. Official Correspondence of Beckington, secretary to Henry VI in F N 'I nn.lon, 1872); Nicolas, Journal by one of the suite of Bi I / •' ; 'mbassy to negotiate marriage between

Henry Vim,! < \ rmagnac's daughter (London, 1828);

MoNBO, Lellii, i i;,. ;,u ,/ of Anjou, Bishop Beckington and others (Camdtii .-.u.-i,i>. i.uiidon, 1863); Gaibdner in Diet. Nat. Biog., s. V. Beckington or Bekynton. Thomas.

Edwin Burton. Thomas of Bradwardine (Bragwakdin, Brand-

NARDINUS, BreDWARDYN, BrADWARDYN, DE BrEDE-

WARDiNA), b. about 1290; d. in London, 20 August, 1349. His birthplace is variously assigned to Brad- wardine, Hertfield, or Cowden; but he himself states that he was born at Chichester. He was educated at Merton College, Oxford, and in 1325 was one of the proctors of the university who took part in the litiga- tion between the university and Cardinal Galhardus de Mora, Archdeacon of Oxford. As a theologian he attained great fame, being known as the Doctor Pro- fundus. His theological lectures delivered at Oxford were expanded into the famous treatise on grace known as "Surania Doctoris Profundi" or "De causa Dei contra Pelagium et de virtute causarum ad sues Mertonenscs". Chaucer couples him as a theologian with St. Augustine and Bocthius, — a testimony to his popular reputation. In 1335 he was called to Lon- don by Richard de Bury, Bishop of Durham, who ap- pointed him his chaplain and obtained for him the chancellorship of St. Paul's Cathedral. He also be- came one of the king's chaplains, and accompanied Edward III on his continental journeys and French wars. To his apostolical labours among the English soldiers many attributed the success achieved. After the victories of Crecy and Neville's Cross, he acted as a commissioner to treat of peace with King Phihp. In 1348 the chapter of Canterbury eleeted Brad- wardine to the vacant archbishopric; liut the king, offended by their omission to wait for tlie coiigr d'rlire, requested the pope to appoint John I'lTord in.stead. Ufford, however, died of tlie Black Death before con- secration, and Bradwardine w:is then elect eil with the king's appro\al. He was consecrated at the pope's court at Avignon on 19 July, 1349; and then re- turned to England. But the pestilence was raging there, and immediately on his arrival in London he fell a victim to it. His European reputiition ;is :i .■scholar was based not only on his famous tlieolngioul treatise but also on his mathematical works: "De proportioni- bus" (Paris, 1495); "De quadratura circuli" (Paris, 1495); "Arithmetica speculativa" (Paris, 1,502); and "Gcomctriaspeculativa" (Pari.s, 1530). Other works of a similar nature exist in MS.

Savile, Preface to Bradwabdine's De Causa Dei (London, 1618); Pitts, De iltuslribus Anglia scriptoribus (Paris, 1623); Hook, Lines of the .Archbishops of Canterbury (Ixindon. 1860-84); Lecbler, De Thoma Bradwardine Commentatio (Leipzig, 1862); Stephens, in Did. Nat. Biog., s. v., Bradwardine. Thomas.

Edwin Burton.

Thomas of Cantimpre, medieval writer, preacher, and theologi.in, b. of noble parentage at Leuw iSt- Pierre near Bru.ssels, in the Duchy of Brabant, 1201;