Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 14.djvu/740

 THOMAS

676

THOMAS

Digests, Indices. Special Treatises. — Peter of Bergamo, Tabula AuTCa in omnia opera S. Th. Aquiii. (late ed., Parraa, 1S83): Medices {de Medicis), .Sum. Theol. H. Th. Aquin. for- malis explicatio (new ed., Vice, 1858-62), gives tlie wliole Summa in syllogistic form. Valuable indices are given in all good editions of OpeTa Omnia and of the Summa Theologica. Thus, ip Migne editions of the Summa the following are found: I. De prcEcipuis rebus; II. In Script. Sacram (all texts cited in the Summa and Supplement); III. .4rf prcecipua doctrinm Christ, capita; IV. De Hceresibus (heresies refuted in the Summa); V. De Antilogiis (explanations of apparent contradictions); Vl. Aug. HunntEi Axiomata de sacramentis. Schema de Sacram. Catachis- mus Catholicus; VII. Catalogus .AuctoTum a D. Th. Laudatorum (philosophers, poets, pontiffs, councils. Fathers mentioned in the Summa); VIII. Index in Epi.lt. et Evang. Dominicarum. Ber- THIEH, L'Etude de la Somme Theol. de S. Thomas d' Aquin (Paris, 1906): TabulcE systematicw et synopticoe totius Sum. Theol. (Fri- bourg, 1893): Tabula; system, et synopt. totius Sum. Cont. Gent. (Paris, 1900); L^picier, Sacr. Doctr. Thomisticce utilitas demon- strata (Rome, 1893).

For discussions relating to .St. Thomas and the Immaculate Conception: Cajetan, In 3 P., Q. 27, a. g; De Conceptu B. V.; PoRREcTA. In S P. Q. 27, a. 2; Joannes a St. Thoma, De .ipprob. Doct. S. Th. disp. S, a. 2; Alexander Nataus, Hist. Eccl., sac. XIII et XIV; be Brroribus Joannis de Montesono; Cornoldi, Sent. S. TkomcE de immunitate B. V. a peccati originalis labe (re- printed in vol. XXV, Parma ed. of St. Thomas's works); Ecalle in Camp, of Billuabt, Sum. Summa: S. Th., T. II, pp. 311 sqq. (Paris, 1889): Berthier in .Append, to L'Etude de la Somme Theol., 399 sqq., who cites many authors, not Dominicans, giving interpretations favourable to St. Thomas: .Spada, Animadver- siones in opus Rmi. Malon, de dogmate Imm. Cone. (Rome, 1862); RouARD DE Card, UOrdre des Freres PrScheurs et U Immaculee Conception (Brus-sels, 1864). On the other hand many authors hold either that St. Thomas did not teach the Immaculate Con- ception or that his opinion is doubtful.

Amongst dogmatico-devotional treatises besides works already cited (above IV) the following may be mentioned: MiSzard, Medulla S. Th. Aquin seu meditationes ex operibus S. Th. (2 vols., Paris, 1907): Monsabr^, Exposition da Dogme Catholique (Paris, 1873-90): Janvier, Exposition de la morale catholique (8 vols., Paris, 1903-10); .Schwalm, Le Christ d'apres S. Thomas d'.iquin (Paris, 1910); De la Barre, La Morale d'apris S. Thomas et les thiologiens scolastiques (Paris, 1911); Morgott, Der Spender der. heil. Sacramente nach. . . der heil. Thomas (Freiburg, 1886): Mariologie des heil. Thonuzs v. Aquin (Freiburg, 1878); Rousset^Massouu^, Traill de la veritable oraison, d'apres les principes de S. Tkonuis (Paris, 1911); D. Th. .\quin. Ojfficium Parvum; Accedunt Ang. Doct. monita et preces (Paris, 1901) con- tains St. Thomas's advice to students. On "The Angelic War- fare, a confraternity established in honour of .St. Thomas's purity and the girdle of purity, see Acta SS. VII Mar.; Mortier, Hist, des mattres gen. de I'Qrdre des Frkres Prirheurs, II (Paris, 1905), vi: The .ingelic Guide, by a Dominican Father (Boston, 1899).

Summaries of St. Thomas's philosophy are given in all His- tories of Philosophy; also in Jourdain, La Phil, de S. Th. d' Aquin (2 vols., Paris, 1858); Crolet, Doct. Philos. de S. Th. d'.iquin, d'apris le Dr. Sloeckl (Paris, 1890); Maumus. St. Thomas et la Philosophic Cartesienne (2 vols., Paris, 1890) ; Gardier, La Phil, de S. Thomas (4 vols., Paris, 1892-96) ; Sertillanges, ,S. Thomas d' Aquin (2 vols., Pari=:. 1910); Gonzalez, Phil, elementaria (3 vols., Madrid, l';i'i'<: T'h rl.. 1894); Estudios sobra la Filosofta de S. Tomas (Mi ! !"'! Madrid, 1886); Estudios religiosos, fil"- soficos, cienli.n Madrid, 1873) ; Zigliaha, SaffBto su»

principii del 7'/" /, m- vm> ( Viterbo. 1865); IDE^T. Propcedcutica ad S. Theol. (V.urlju, l.>^4); Idem, .Si,,,,.-,! P'il.^ :nphica (3 vols., Rome, 1876; 7th ed., Paris, 1889); It.i •■ ') -:.mi su alcune

interpretazioni di G. C. Ubaghs sull' S. Tommaso

d'Aquino (Viterbo, 1870); Idem, !>■': ■■:..inale e ddV

Ontologismo secundoladottritm rii <' /; --n rfWquin

(2 vols., Rome, 1874): Idem. /) ■ . l, ,,,,/r.

ii V ii.s.j., ,l'iUi=., 1a;i'J); Ele- I •■! ■<! (Louvain, 1875); Ontologla I iviiin, 1879); Faroes, Etudes
 * ■ ihiories dWristote et S. Thomas

1 t.! .,i-:KAY, Essai sur les doctrines politiques de S. Thomas (Paris, 1857); MuRGUB, Questions d'onto- logie: Hudes sur S. Thomas (Lyons, 1876); Alibert, La psycologie Thomiste et les theories madernes (Lyons, 1902); O'Neill, New Things and Old in S. Thotnas Aquinas, Introd. (London, 1909); Walker, Essay on the origin of knowledge According to the Phi- losophy of St. Thomas (London, 18.58) ; Schumacher, The Knoxv- ableness of God. Its Relation to the Theory of Knowledge in St, Thomas (Notre Ttnmr. vmTi).

For St. Tli'.Tii.is mill NMf-ial Doctrines. — .Schwalm, Lecons de philosophic ,^, ',;,,'/, il'.in-, I'.UO), gives an excellent bibliography on p. xvii; Lk" .\11I. I'mgdicals, ^terni Patris; Quod Apos- tolici muneris; ImituirtaU Dei; Sapientiw Christiana:; Rcrum Novarum; Graves de Communi, in The Great Encyclical Letters of Leo XIII (New York, 1903) : Schaub, Die Eigenlumslehre narh Thomas von .4gum unddem modernen Sozialismus (Freiburg, 1898) ; Walter, DasEigenthum nach der Lehredes hi. Thomas von Aquin und des Sozialismus (Freiburg, 1895); Antoniades, Z>i« Staats- lehre des Thomas von Aquin (Leipzig, 1890); Besone, Der Auf- salz, De Reaimine Principum, von Thomas von Aguin (Bonn, 1894); Bliss in F-'-;rln,mlia of Social Reform; Ashley in Palgrave's Dirt^",, ■',■■, ,,i i',.i,iuul Economy.

I'' I : Miriy articles on St. Thomas's doctrine have

been iiij.h li, ,1 III III,' following Reviews: Annates de Philosophic

r/ir,/..,.,., il'.ii... l.«l ); La CiviUi Cattolica (Florence and

Rome, 1850 ); Etudes Religieuses (Paris, 1856); Philosophisckes

1878); Lepidi, Ezamcn phil-lh 1874); Opuscules phif:' r'^--^:; Tnenta philosophim clu-' ' ' > (Louvain, 1877); r:. ., philosophiques pour i /.i' /./i - ■ (8 vols., Paris, 18S7-lyi)J

Jahrbuch (Fulda, ISSS ); .<?nnrl Thnmn-t BUlter (Ratisbon,

1888 ): Revue Thomiste (Paris. Is',;, l! ,, Xeo-Scohslique

(Louvain, 1894 ): Revue des .s'. .. / :.lfigues et Theo-

logiqurs (Kain, 1907 ); Cathnh. I ,'; .//.(m (Washing- ton, D. C, 1894 ); Ciema Tom, !■■ i M nln-l, I'.UO ).

For additional bibliography see Albertus .Magnus, Blessed; Philosophy; Preachers, Order of; Neo-Scholasticism; Thomism.

D. J. Kennedy,

Thomas Becket, Saint, martyr, Archbishop of Canterbury, b, at London, 21 Dec, 1118(?); d. at Canterbury, 29 Dec, 1170. St. Thomas was born of parents who, coming from Normandy, had .settled in England some years previously. No rehance can be placed upon the legend that his mother was a Saracen. In after life his humble birth was made the subject of spit ef ul comment, though his jiarent s were not peasants, but people of some mark, and from his earliest years their son had been well taught and had associated with gentlefolk. He learned to read at Merton Ab- bey and then studied in Paris. On leaving school he employed him.self in secretarial work, first with Sir Richer de I'Aigle and then with his kinsman, Osbert Huitdeniers, who was "Justiciar" of London. Some- where about the year 1141, under circumstances that are variously related, he entered the service of Theo- bald, Archbishop of Canterbury, and in that house- hold he won his master's favour and eventually be- came the most trusted of all his clerks. A description embodied in the Icelandic Saga and derived probably from Robert of Cricklade gives a vivid portrait of him at this period. "To look upon he was slim of growth and pale of hue, with dark hair, a long nose, and a straightly featured face. Blithe of countenance was he, winning and loveable in liis conversation, frank of speech in his discourses, but slightly stuttering in his talk, so keen of discernment and understanding that he could always make difficult questions plain after a wise manner." Theobald recognized his capacity, made use of him in many delicate negotiations, and, after allowing him to go for a year to study civil and canon law at Bologna and Auxerre, ordained him deacon in 1154, after bestowing upon him several preferments, the most important of which was the Archdeaconry of Canterbury (see Radford, "Thomas of London", p. 53).

It was just at this period that King Stephen died and the young monarch Henry II became unques- tioned master of the kingdom. He took "Thomas of London", as Becket was then most commonly called, for his chancellor, and in that office Thomas at the age of thirty-six became, with the possible exception of the justiciar, the most powerful subject in Henry's wide dominions. The chroniclers .speak with wonder of the relations which existed between the chancellor and the sovereign, who was twelve years his junior. People declared that "they had but one heart and one mind ". Often the king and his minister behaved like two schoolboys at play. But although they hunted or rode at tlie head of an army together it was no mere comradeship in pastime which united them. Both were hard workers, and both, we may believe, had the prosperity of the kingdom deeply at heart. Whether the chancellor, who was after all the elder man, was the true originator of the administrative reforms which Henry introduced cimnot now be clearly deter- mined. In many mat lor.-; Ihey saw eye to eye. The king's im))erial vic>ws and love of splendour were quite to the taste of his minister. When Thomas went to France in 11.58 to negotiate a marriage treaty, he travelled with such pomp that the people said : " If this be only the (chancellor what must be the glory of ihe king himself?"

In 1153 Thomas acted as justice itinerant in three counties. In 11.59 he seems to have been the chief organizer of Hein-y's exiiedition to Toulouse, upon which he accompanied him, and though it .seems to be untrue that the impost of "scutage" was called into