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 THEODORUS

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THEODOSIUS

unite. The Senate in its judicial capacity was or- dered to try those impHcated in this conspiracy, and Boelhius and his aged father-in-law, the Senator Synimaohus, were condemned to death. Theodoric succuinbed to the effects of the bitter conviction that his conciliatory pohcy had failed, and from that time hi.s health declined. He was buried in the truly regal tomb at Ravenna. At a later date excessive zeal prompted the disinterment of the Arian king, but he continues to Uve in a wonderful legend, which assumes many forms, as the warrior king of the heroic age of the German people. On stormy nights the i^easants still whisper of Dietrich of Berne, as they call Theodoric, riding through the air with his wild followers.

Cassiodorus, ed. Mommsen, Varim (Berlin, 1894); Mommben, Oslgotiache Studien in Neues Archiv der Geselhchaft fiir dllere deutsche Geschichtskunde, XIV, XV; Hodqkin, Italy and her In- vaders (London, 1892 ); Vill.\ri, Le invasione barbariche in

Italia (Milan, 190.5): HaRtmann, Geschichte Italiens im Mittel- alter, I (Leipzig, 1897); Ppeilschofter, Theodorich der Grosae (Mainz, 1910).

Fr.\nz Kampers.

Theodorus and Theophanes (called Grapli, "written upon", ypairroi)^ .Saints: Theodorus, b. about 77.5; d. about 842—13; Theophanes, b. about 778; d. 84.5. These champions of the veneration of images during the second Iconoclastic con- tro\ersy in the Ea.st were brothers and natives of Jerusalem. Both entered the monastery of St. Sabas, near Jerusalem, which, at that time was under the guidance of Michael, later syncellus of the Patriarch of Jerusalem. The brothers had an excellent theological training and were zeal- ous, strict ascetics. About 812 they entered a mon- astery at Constantinople, where in opjiosition to the Emperor Leo V (813-20) they energetically defended the veneration of images, and consequently were exiled. Under the succeeding emperor, Michael II (820-29), they were brought into the monastery of Sosthenes on the Bosphorus. Michael's successor, the tyrannical and Iconoclastic Thcophilos (829-42), sxiled them again, but recalled them in 836 to the capital, had them scoiu-ged several times, and had twelve lines of verse cut|into their skin (hence the nick- name "written upon"). They were once more sent into exile, where Theodorus died, while Theophanes lived to see the close of the Iconoclastic contro- I'ersy in 842 during the reign of the Empress Theo- lora. In this same year he was raised to the Arch- lioccse of Niaea and administered it until his death, rheophanes wrote a large number of religious poems, imong them one on his dead brother, but they have lot yet been published (cf. Chri.st and Paranikas, 'Anthologia gra'ca carminum christianorum", Leip- lig, 1781). The brothers are venerated as saints, [n the Greek Church the feast of Theophanes is ob- served on 1 1 October, that of Theodorus on 27 De- cember. In the Roman Church the feasts of both ire celebrated on 27 December (Cf. Nilles, "Kalen- larium manuale utriusque Ecclesiae", I, 300, 368 iq.).

Vila Theodori Grapli in P. G.. CXVI. 653-683; Theodora

"^ANTAfTZENA, Vita Thfodori et Tkenphanis, ed. Papadopodlos-

\i IMMV rs in ' XvaKiKTa 'lepoffoAvfXLTiK^C <TTa\\Jo\oyia^f IV, 185—

m9-99; VAli-Hfe, St. Michel le Syncelle et lea deux freres

-'. Theodore et St. Theophane in Revue de l' orient chritien,

. 1 I'll 1. 3l;i a., CilO.sq.

J. P. KiRSCH.

Theodorus Lector, ,i lector attached to the '"liurih of ."^i. .Snphia of Constantinople in the early lart of the sixth ccnturj'. At the request of a friend le Ciiipile<l in four books his "Historia Tripartita", m ejiitome of the historians Socrates, Sozomen, and rheodoret, made up of excerpts from them. An mperfect copy of this work exists in M.S. but it has lever been published; Valasius used it, attaching per- laps too much importance to the readings he found XIV.— 37

in it, in his edition of the above-named historians. Theodorus also composed a history in two books which carried the narrative of the "Hist. Trip." from the death of Theodosius II up to the times of Justin I. This work is unfortunately lost, but two long series of excerpts are preserved usually bearing the title 'And (pui'ijs NiK7)06poi/ KaWlcrov which, however, is spurious (De Boor, "Zcitschrift f. Kirchengesch.", VI, 489; Preuschen in "Realenencyk. f. Prot. theol.", s. v.); quotations also are found in the writings of St. John of Damascus and the Acts of the Seventh Gen- eral Council. The history owes its value to the scantiness of our information concerning the period it treats rather than to its merits. It is full of marvel- lous stories. The only indications of the time when Theodore lived are the date at which his history ended and his speaking of the "holy memory" of Theodoret — he would hardly have done this after the "Three Chapters" controversy.

De Boor, op.cit.; Preuschen, op.cit. (Leipzig, 1907); Noltb in Tubingen Theol. Quart. (1861), 569 sq.; SarraZIN, De Theod. Lectore. Theophanis pracipuo fonte in Comment, philnl. Jenensis. I, 163 sqq.; Bardenhewer-Shahan, Patrology (St. Louis, 190X), 552. The fragments of the History were published by Valesius and reprinted in P. G.. LXXXVI. For additional excerpts to be found in the writings of Nicetas, and Chartophtlax of Nic^a, aee Diekamp in Hist. Jahrb., XXIV, 553 sq.

F. J. Bacchus.

Theodosiopolis, a titular metropolitan see of Thracia Prima. In the beginning the city w.as called Apros, or preferably Aproi; later in its history it be- came known as the Colonia Claudia Aprensis (Ptolemy, "Geographia", vol. Ill, cap. xi, p. 7). In the fourth century, according to Ammianus Marcellinus (XXVII, iv, 12), it was the principal city of the country south of Heraclea. The official name of Theodo- siopolis, which was given to the city by either Theo- dosius 1, or Theodosius II, was rarely used; it was commonly called Apros. At first suffragan episcopal see of Heraclea in the European province, Apros had already in 640 been elevated to an autocephalous archiepiscopal see (Gclzer, " Ungedruckte . . . Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum", 535), which title it still retained in 1170. However in 1179, Romanus signs him.self as Metropohtan of Apros, and the "Notitia episcopatuum" of Manuel I Comnenus, which dates from this same epoch, also refers to Apros as a metro- politan see (Gelzer, op. cit., 587). This see must have disappeared at the end of the fourteenth century, or in the beginning of the fifteenth century, for in the "Notitise" sub.sequent to 1453 no mention of it is to be found. Le Quien, "Oriens christianus", I, 112.5- 1 128, makesspecial mention of clcvc 'U I )i.'<hops belonging to this see, among whom arc Baliylasin 4.5S; Andreas in 536; John in 787; Sabbas in 87S; and in 1351, Ga- briel, the last one known. From 1204, as long as the city remained in the hands of the Crusaders, Apros was a Roman archdiocese; in 1244 it was already a titular archbishopric (Eubel, "Hierarchia catholica medii a-vi", I, 94; II, 101). Under the Franks, who called it Naples, Apros belonged to Theodosius Br.a- nas, the Greek, who had married Agnes, sister of King Philip Augustus. The Bulgarians took the city and destroyed it in 1205; later it fell anew under the sway of the Franks and the Greeks (Villehiu-douin, ed. Wailly, 390-91, 403, 41.3-15, 504). The ex.act sit- uation of Apros is not known; Tomaschek, "Zur Kunde der H£emu,s-H.albin.ser', 52, identifies it with Kestridje on the Podja-Dere, south of Ilaireboli in the sanjak of Rodosto.

Ptoi-emy, Geographia, ed. MfJLLER. I. 489; PAnLT-WissowA, Rral - EncydopOdie der classischen Altertumawissenachaft, s. v.

S. VAILHfi.

Theodosiopolis. See Erzerum, Diocese op.

Theodosius I (Flavids Theodosujs), Roman Em- peror, b. in Si)ain, about 346; d. at Milan, 17 Januiiry,