Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 14.djvu/633

 THEODORIC

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THEODORIC

curus, by the mediation of Eutyches and the influen- tial Chrysaphius, obtained an imperial edict which forbade Theodoret to leave his diocese (Epist. Ixxix- Ixxxii). In addition Theodoret was accused of Nes- torianism (Epist. Ixxxiii-lxxxvi); in answer to this at- tack he wrote liis most important polemical work, called "Eranistes". Theodoret was also considered the prime mover of the condemnation of Eutyches by the Patriarch Flavian. In return Dioscurus ob- tained an imperial decree in 449 whereby Theodoret was forbidden to take any pai-t in the synod of Ephe- sus (Robber Council of Ephesus). At the third ses- sion of tliis synod Theodoret was deposed bj' the efforts of Dioscurus and ordered by the emperor to re- enter his former monastery near Apamea. Better times, however, came before long. Theodoret ap- pealed to Pope Leo who declared his deposition in- valid, and, as the Emperor Theodosius II died the Following year (4.50), he was allowed to re-enter his diocese. In the next year, notwithstanding the violent apposition of the Ale.xandrine party, Theodoret was admitted as a regular member to the sessions of the Council of Chalcedon, but refrained from voting. At the eighth session (26 Oct., 4.51), he w;is admitted to 'ull membership after he had agreed to the anathema igainst Nestorius; probably he meant this agreement 3nly in the sense: in case Nestorius had really taught the heresy imputed to him (Mansi, VII, 190). It is not certain whether Theodoret spent the last years of ais life in the city of Cvtus, or in the monastery where [le had formerly lived. There still exists a letter writ- ten by Pope Leo in the period after the Ck)uncil of Chalcedon in which he encourages Theodoret to co- jperate without wavering in the victory of Chalcedon [P. G., LXXXIII, 1319 sqq.). The writings of Theo- loret against Cyril of Alexandria were anathematized iuring the troubles that arose in connexion with the ^•ar of the Three Chapters. Writings. — A. Exegetical. — Theodoret wrote brief reatises in the form of questions and answers on ipecial passages of the Octateuch, four Books of Kings, and two Books of Paralipomenon (P. G., LXXX, 75-858). He wrote commentaries covering he whole books on: the Psalms (P.G., LXXX, 857- 199S, and LXXXIV, 19-32), written before 436 Epi-st. Ixxxii); Canticles (P. G., LXXXI, 27-214); he Greater Prophets, Daniel and Ezechiel before 436, saias and Jeremias before 448, of which the commen- ary on Isaias has been lost, excepting some frag- nents preserved in the "Catenae" (q. v.); the Minor 'rophets before 436 (P. G., LXXXI, 495-1988); and he Epistles of St. Paul, wTitten before 448 (P. G., jXXX II, .35-878). B. Apologetic. — " Grsecarum af- ectionum curatio" (Remedy for the disea.ses of the 5reeks), twelve books, wTitten before 437, "the last ind probably also the most complete of the numeroua ipologies which Greek antiquity has produced" (Bar- lenhewer, "Patrologie", 3rd ed., 1910, p. 327). "De livina Providentia", ten sermons, probably his best I'ork, in which he proves the administration of Divine 'rovidence from the physical, moral, and social sys- ems of the world. C. Dogtnatico-Polemical. — "Re- utatio duodeeim .\nathematum ", against St. Cyril; t has been preserved in CjTil's answer (P. G., >XXVI, .392 sqq.; Latin by Marius Mercator, P. L., CLVIII, 972 sqq.). "De Sancta et vivifica Trini- ate" (P. G., LXXV, 1147-90), and "De Incarna- ione Domini" (ib., 1419-78); these two la.st men- ioned treatises have been proved by A. Ehrhard to lave been written bv Theodoret (see bibliography). 'Eranistes seu Plymorphos" (P. G., LXXXIII, 27- 136), wTitten in 448 in the form of three dialogues be- ween an Orthodox (Theodoret) and a beggar (Eu- yches); the.se dialogues sought to prove that the Di- 'inity of Christ is (a) unchangeable, (b) unmixed with lumanity, (c) incapable of suffering. In the fourth wok the first three are briefly summed up in syl-

logisms. " Haereticarum fabularum compendium" in five books (ib., 336-556) ; the first four contain a brief summary of heresies up to the time of Theodoret, and the last book contrasts them with Catholic faith and morals.

D. Historical. — "Historia Ecclesiastica " (P. G., LXXXII, 881-1280) treats in five books the period from Ai-ius up to 429. In this work Theodoret used Eusebius, Rufinus, Socrates, Sozomenus, Philostor- gius, as well as documents long since lost. As an ec- clesiastical historian, however, he is inferior to his predecessors. "Historia reUgiosa" (ib., 1283-1522) contams the biographies of thirty celebrated ascetics or hermits; the treatise "De divina charitate" forms the close of the work.

E. Letters. — Theodoret's letters are of much value, both for his personal history and for that of his era. Cf. P. G., LXXXIII, 1173-1494, and Sakkelion, "Forty-eight Letters of Theodoret of Cyrus" (Ath- ens, 1885).

F. Lost Writings. — "Opus mysticum", in twelve books; " Responsiones ad qua;stiones magorum persa- rum" (Epist. Lx,\.>di and cxiii), five "Sermones in lau- dem S. Johannis Chrysostomi", of which the frag- ments are to be found in Photius, "Bibl.", 273; and other "Sermones". Von Harnack ("Texte und Un- tersuchungen", N. F. 6, IV, 1901) as.'signed the "Res- ponsiones ad quaestiones" to Diodorus of Tarsus, but a manuscript of the tenth century, edited by Papado- pulos Kerameus (St. Petersburg, 1895), ascribes the work to Theodoret (see A. Ehrhard in " Byzantinische Zeitschrift", VII, 1898, 609 sqq.).

Doctrine. — In Hermeneutics Theodoret followed the principles of the Antiochene school, but avoided the bias of Theodore of Mopsucstia. In his Chris- tology also he followed the terminology of Diodorus and Theodore, and saw in the teaching of Cyril a re- vival of Apollinarianism. He would never acknowl- edge that the teaching of Nestorius presupposed the acceptance of two persons in Christ or, as Cyril be- heved, necessarily led to it.

TiLLEMONT. Memmres. XV (Paris, 1700-13), 207-340; C.WE, Hist. liu.. I (Oxford, 1740-43). 405 sqq.; Ceillier, AxUeurs me- res, X (Paris. 1729-63). 19-142; Neandeh, Chureh History, ed. Clark, IV (Edinburgh, 1851-58). 141-247; Newman, Triah of Theodoret in Hi.il. Sketches, III (2 vols.. London, 1890), 307-62; Glubokovskij, Der seelige Theodoret, Bischof von Ci/ru" (2 vols., Moscow, 1890), in Russian: Specht. Der ezegetische Staridpunkt des Theodor von Mopsuestia u. Theodoret inn Ci/ru.^ ., . (Munich, 1871); Saltet, Les sources de VE u:i ■■ '. r-. ■ ..; in Revue d'Histoire EccUs., VI (Louvaiu. 1 "' -' : ' •.iO, 741-

754; GuLDENPENNiNG, Die Ki ' I :,iret ton

Kt/rrhos, Eine Untersuchung ihr.'r 4l; Kuhhard. Die Cyrill von Alcxandrien zugeschriebene Schrift Ilepi t^5 tou Kvpiov ii^avSpatiTiqiTeui, ein Werk Theodorets von Ct/rtis (TiihinKen, 1888) ; Mah6. Les anathimatismes de S. Cj/ritle d' Alcxaudrie et les H^ques orientaux du patriarehat d'Antioche in Revue d'Hist. Ecct.. VII (Louvain, 1906), 505-542; Bertram, Theodoreti Episcopi Cyren- sis Doctrina christologica (Hildesheim, 1SS3).

Chrys. Ba0r. Theodoric, Antipope. See Paschal II, Pope.

Theodoric (Thierry) of Chartres, a Platonist

philosopher of the twelfth century, b. in France at the beginning of the twelfth century; d. at Chartres about 11.50. It is probable that he studied at Chartres under his brother Bernard, at Iea.st, we know that in 1121 he was head of the school of Chartres. Later, he seems to have gone to Paris and to have taught there, among his disciples being John of Salisliury. In 1141 he was teaching once more at Chartres. He wrote a work on the seven liberal arts entitled "Eptateu- chon", a treatise "De Sex Dierum Operibus", and a commentary on "De Inventione Rhetorica ad Heren- nium". The first still exists in MS. at Chartres, the others were published 1884 and 1890. Theodoric was an ardent lover of the Classics, the study of which he defended against the sect of Obscurant Ist.s known as "Comificians". He was also interested in the natu- ral sciences, as is indicated by the fact that he was the