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 TEWDRIG

542

TEWKESBURY

of Thorn, 1466). The loss of Marienburg caused the transfer of the Grand Master's residence to Konigs- berg, which is still the capital of Prussia properly so-called. To maintain itself against the kings of Poland the order had to rely on Germany and to confide the office of Grand Master to German princes. But the second of these, Albert of Branden- burg (1511), abused his position to secularize Prussia, at the same time embracing Lutheranism (1525). He made Prussia an hereditary fief of his house under the suzerainty of the Crown of Poland.

(3) Nevertheless, the dignitaries of the order in

1859); KoHLER, RiUerzeit, II (Breslau. 1886); Lavisse, La chevaliers teuloniques en Preusse in Revue des Deux Mondei (Paris, 1879); Ranglisle u. Personnahtatus des deutschen Ritterordens fiir das Jahr 1909 (Vienna, 1909); Staatsalmanach der Nederlanden (The Hague, 1911).

Ch. Moeller. Tewdrig (Theodoric), a Welsh saint, son of King Teithfallt of Morganwg or Southern Wales, flourished probably in the sixth century. He was a Uberal bene- factor of the church of LlandafT. He resigned the gov- ernment to his son Meurig and devoted himself to religion and contemplation at Tintern in Monmouth- shire. When, however, the Saxons under Ceolwulf the remainder of Germany faithfully preserved its crossed the Severn and pressed hard upon Meurig, possessions, and having broken with the apostate Tewdrig left his solitude and gained a brilliant victory chose a new Grand Master, Walter of Cronenberg, at the head of his old troops, but was killed in the who fixed his residence at Mergentheim in Fran- main battle. A church was erected over the grave of conia (1526). After the loss of Prussia the order still the royal martyr; it was called Marthyr Tewdrig and retained in Germany twelve bailiwicks, which they is now Mathem at the junction of the Rivers Wye and

lost one by one. The Severn. The day of

secession of Utrecht i hisdcath is3 Januarj';

(1580) meant the loss jAj the year is uncertain,

of the bailiwick of |^[ 1 the dates 610, 577,

that name in the Low ^Bk tAi 527, or even 470 being

Countries. Louis XIV. • Ak Ir given,

ecularized its posses- I I 4 ^^^^-^Bl. Godwin, Be pmsuiibus

ainns in Frnnpp Thp UM^tei HR^^^iFm Anghir (London. 1616),

aons m J:' ranee. _ ine !■■■■ .^PiSB^ oi9; Rees, Ari Essay on

Treaty of LuneVlUe ^HH^H .^^Kw'^^Uk^ ""' ^'e'^'l Saints (London,

(ISOl) took away its ^l^H .^^^^^'^•JslUk4 iS36),iS3sq.

possessions on the left HW^P^^^^^^HB!^' ' 1 1mHB- KlemensLoffler.

bank of the Rhine and » "I^^Ui^B^^E^' TTfRbWi' t..™i, „-i,., __

1809 Napoleon L^—M ^^^t^^Uf^' ' I WSm A Tewkesbury,

- • ^ C =- A.^»3^^^M^^^ - m. r\Wi\MHm .mk. JuHX. bee TUNSTED,

Si. MUX.

abandoned its pos- sessions on the right bank to his allies of the Confederation of the Rhine. The Teu- tonics retained only the bailiwick in the Tyrol and that in the Austrian States.

(4) Thus the order became purely Austrian, under the supreme authority of the Emperor of Austria, who reserves the dignity of Grand Master for an archduke of his house. Since 1894 it has been held by Archduke Eugene. There are at present 20 pro- fessed knights who are bound to celibacy while they enjoy a benefice of the order, and 30 knights of honour who are not bound to this observance, but who must furnish an entrance fee of 1500 florins and an annual contribution of 100 florins. Moreover, their ad- mission exacts a nobility of sixteen quarterings. The revenues of the order are now devoted to religious works; it has charge of 50 parishes, 17 schools, and 9 hospitals, for which object it supports 2 congrega- tions of priests and 4 of sisters. Moreover, it per- forms ambulance service in time of war; it pays the cost of the ambulance, while lay Marians are engaged as

ESBURY Abbey

Tewkesbury Abbey, Gloucester- shire, England, de- rives its name from Theoc, a hermit of early times, to whose memory a monastery was dedicated by the dukes of Mercia in the eighth century. In 980 it became a cell of the Benedictine Priory of Cranborne, in Dorset- shire; but having grown in wealth and impor- tance after the Norman Conquest, and being richly en- dowed by FitzHamon (a cousin of the Conqueror) it became an independent abbey in 1103. Gerald was the first abbot, and the magnificent church — the largest in England, after Westminster, of abbey churches not now used as cathedrals — was completed and consecrated in 1123. FitzHamon, with his son- in-law Robert, Earl of Gloucester, was regarded as its second founder; and their descendants, the De Clares, Despencers, and Beauchamps, remained closely asso- ciated with it almost until the Dissolution. The tombs of many of them are still to be seen in the church. The Annals of Tewkesbury from the Con-

ambulance bearers. Thus, after various vicissitudes quest (1066) until 1263 are extant, and contain

the Teutonic Knights are restored to their origi- valuable notes on the national history, but little of

nal character of hospitallers. Besides this Catholic interest about the abbey itself. During the thir-

branch in Austria the order has a Protestant branch teenth and succeeding centuries Tewkesbury was

in the ancient bailiwick of Utrecht, the possessions of constantly receiving new endowments in lands and

which have been preserved for the benefit of the money, and became one of the wealthiest of English

nobility of the country. The members, who are monasteries, its income at the Dissolution being set

chosen by the chaiJter of knights, must give proof down at £1600 (equal to morejhan ten times that

of four quarterings of nobility and profess the Calvinistic religion, but are dispensed from celibacy. When Napoleon took possession of Holland in 1811 he suppressed the institution, but as early as 1815 the first King of the Low Countries, William I of Orange, re-est :ibli.slied it, declaring himself its protector. The present order comprises 10 commanders, Jimkhceren, and iuspirants (expectanten), who pay an

amount in modern money). The great battle of Tewkesbury on 4 May, 1471, between Yorkists and Lancastrians, was fought in the very precincts of the abbey; and many of those who fell, including Henry VI's only son, were buried in the church.

Sixty-eight years later the last abbot, John Wake- man, surrendered the abbey to Henry VIII. Wake- man himself was haiulsomely pensioned, and in 1541

entrance fee of 525 florins and have the right to wear became first bishop of the newly-erected See of

in their buttonhole a small cross of the order. Gloucester. The abbot's house was preser\ed intact;

„.,.,,.,,,. I ,■ J I. J ,. 1 most of the remaining mona.stic buildings were de-

Ilislmre del ordre teulomque par un chevalier de I'ordre (4 voh., »•■"'"', ^ a ".l..»»l „, , ..,.<;^.„„t „u...«V.

Paris. 1784); Voiot, Gcsch. des deutschen Ritterordens (Berlin, stroyed as "superfluous, but the magnificent church