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TERUEL

will he not believe that it is simply what it is called?" This implies not merely the Heal Presence, but tran- substantiation. The station days were Wednesday and Friday; on what other days besides Holy Mass was offered we do not know. Some thought that Holy Communion would break their fast on Station days; Tertullian explains: "When you have received and reserved the Body of the Lord, you will have as- sisted at the Sacrifice and have accomplished the duty of fasting as well" (De oratione, xix). Tertulhan's list of customs observed by ApostoUc tradition though not in Scripture (De cor., iii) is famous: the baptismal renunciations and feeding with milk and honey, fast- ing Communion, offerings for the dead (Masses) on their anni\-ersaries, no fasting or kneeling on the Lord's Day and between Easter and Pentecost, anx- iety as to the falling to the ground of any crumb or drop of the Holy Eucharist, the Sign of the Cross made continually during the day.

Tertulhan's canon of the Old Testament included the deuterocanonical books, since he quotes most of them. He also cites the Book of Enoch as inspired, and thinks those who rejected it were wrong. He seems also to recognize IV Esdras, and the Sibyl, though he admits that there are many sibylline for- geries. In the New Testament he knows the Four Gospels, Acts, Epistles of St. Paul, I Peter (Ad Ponti- cos), I John, Jude, Apocalypse. He does not know James and H Peter, but we cannot tell that he did not know H, III John. He attributes Hebrews to St. Barnabas. He rejects the "Pastor" of Hermas and says that many councils of the P.sychici had also rejected it. Tertullian was learned, but careless in his historical statements. He quotes Varro and a medical writer, Soranus of Ephesus, and was evidently well read in pagan literature. He cites Irena;us, Justin, Milti- ades, and Proclus. He probably knew parts of Cle- ment of Alexandria's writings. He is the first of Latin theological writers. To some extent, how great we cannot tell, he must have invented a theological idiom and have coined new expressions. He is the first witness to the existence of a Latin Bible, though he seems frequently to have translated from the Greek Bible as he wrote. Zahn has denied that he possessed any Latin translation, but this opinion is commonly rejected, and St. Perpctua certainly had one at Carth- age in 203.

Besides the general histories and histories of dogma and the patrologies, sec Hesbelbero, Tcrtullmns Lehre (2 vols.. Dorpat, 1848); Freppel. TerlulUen (Paris, 1864); Hauck, TcrtiMians Lc- benu. SchrifUn (Erlangen, 1877); Noldechen. Tertullian (Gotha, 1890); MoNCEArx. llisl. liU. de VAfrique chril.. I (Paris. 1901), the best general work on Tert.: D'Al^s, La thSologie de Tertullicn (2nd ed.. Paris, 1905). the be.st account of his theology; Turmel. TertuUien (2nd ed., Paris, 1905); De Labhiolle, TeH. juHscon- iuUe in Nouvetle Tevue d'hUt. et de droit (1906); Idem, Vargumetit de princription in Rev. d'hist. et de litt. religieuses (1906); Schlossmann, Tertullian im Licht dcr Jurisprudem in Z. fur Kirehengateh. (1906). On Tertullian's theology see Neander, Araignoaticwi (Berlin. 1825, 1849); Caucanas, Tert. et le monta- niame (Geneva, 1876); CotniDAVEAUX, Tert. in Revue de I'hist. des reliQions (1891); Cabrol, Tert. selon M. Courdaveaux in La science entholique (1891); EsSEB, Die Seelentehre Tert.'s (Paderborn, 1893); Rauch. Dcr Einfluss der stoinchen Philostophie auf die Lehr- bildung Terfs (Halle, 1890); Bonfiouou. Teologia di Tert. nei Ruoi rappnrti con la philos-storicn in Revista delle aeienze tcolog (1906); also Monceaux, Turmel, and especially D'ALfes. On penance in Tert., see under Penance, also Preuschen, Die Schriften De Pien. u. De Pud. mit Rucksichi auf die BuKudiaciplin unterauchl (1S90); Rolffs, Das Indulgemedikt den rdm. Bisch. Kallisl (T^eipzig. 1.893); Funk. Dos Indulgemedikt des P. Kallixtu.i in Theol. Qunrtnhchr. (Oct., 1906). On apologetics see Hefele, Beitrtlge zur Kirehengesch., I (TQbingen, 1.S64); .1. E. B. Mator. TertuUian'.i .\polngii in Journal of Theol. (1.89.3); Gaijcher. Vapologdique de Tert. (.\utcuil, 1898) ; Waltzino, L' apologUique de Tert.. trad, el eomm. (Louvain, 1910). On Tertulhan's style see KelLNER. Uber die sprachlieken BigerdHmlichkeiien Tertul- lian'n in Theol. qitartahchr. (1876); Hoppe. De sermone Tcrlul- lianxo (Marburg, 1897); Idem, Syntax u. Stil den T. (Leipzig, 1903) ; and the general works of Kofmanne and Nordbn. On the MS.S. sec WissoWA. TertuUiani opera, I in Corpus scr. cccl. lat., XX (Vienna, 1880); Habtei,, PatriHische .lludicn in .'Hlmngxher. der K. Aknd. der Wi.v.. C.XX (Vienna, 1890); Vliet. .Sludia reel.. Tertull. critica et interpr. (Ix-yden, 1891); Kroymann. Quir.iliones TertuUianfa crilic'r (Innsbruck, 1894); Gompertz, Tcrtutlianea (Vienna, 1895); Callewaert, Le codex FulAenitU. le meilleurMSS. de VApologU. de T. in Ret. d'hiH. el de liU. ret. (1903), 322. On

chronology see Uhlhorn, h'undnin. uht ingen, 1851); BoNnETsCH, Du- > ihrer Abfassung untersucht (Bonn, CHEN, Monceaux, D'Al^s, and i ! On Tertullian's Latin Bible .sfo Z mi 51; Harnack; Mon< f:\! \, it^'. 1 ' - lectedin Ronsch, /m \. / ' ' 1 ' and for .some of t in ■ 1 1 1 m i 1 1 I ' ■ ■ ;. 1 1 . [

BONWETSCH in R,„l.-„: „ ', ;,im1 ■ -y Li

der aUkircM. Lilt., II (Freiburg, l'JU:S).

rl,r,n,„l.„7iiT Tert. (Gott- nnch der Zeit lallv NoLDE- /.. II (1904). \ /•. Knnon.^. I,

illv

John Chapman.

Teruel, Diocese of (Turolensis), suffragan of Saragossa, comprises the civil province of the s.ame name, excepting the town of Bechi (Castell6n). It is believed by some that Teruel and the ancient Turba are the same. Turba wxs the city whose disputes with the Saguntines gave Hannibal an excuse for at- tacking Saguntum and beginning the Second Punic War. According to the annals of Teruel it appears that Turba was not situated on the site of the present city of Teru(!l, but at its boundary line. Teruel waa founded in 1176 by Sancho Sdnchez Munoz and Blasco Garces Marcilla. It formed a separate com- munity and was governed by the Fue.ro de Scjnilneda until l.'JOS, when the inhabitants abjured it before the courts of .4ragon, in order to come under the Govern- ment of Aragon. Jaime I received its support in the conquest of Valencia, and the standards of Teruel were the first to wave in the gateway of Serranos. In 1271 it joined in the war against Castile, invaded Huete and Cuenca, and sided with Pedro IV in his war against the "Union". In recognition of this the king visited the city in 1348 and conferred upon it the title of exenta (exempt). Gregory XIII at the earnest soHcitations of Philip II created the diocese in 1.577. The first bishop, Ju.an Perez de Artieda, was elected but not consecrated; the first bishop installed was Andrfe Santos, who was transferred to Saragossa in 1579. All the churches of Teruel are contemporary with its foundation, as the founders built nine churches, one, Santa Maria de Media Villa, in- the centre, and the remaining eight in a circle following the circuit of the walls. The central church was made a collegiate church in 1423 and named the cathedral in 1.577. It was originally built of brick and rubble-work, but since the restoration in the seventeenth century it has lost its primitive char- acter. The Doric choir stalls were the gift of Martin Ferrer, Bishop of Teruel, and l;itrr of Tarazona.

Ferdinand and Isabdhi visited Teruel in 1482, took the oath in the cathedral, and received the freedom of the city. The founding of the Inquisition in 1484 pro- duced serious changes because the converts were numerous and powerful. The inquisitor, Juan de Solivellia, was forced to leave. Property to the amount of 133,000 sueldos was confiscated and turned over to the city. The Churches of San Martin and El S.alv.ador are remarkable for their Arabic towers. The first, Moorish in style, was built in the twelfth century. Pierre de Bedel, builder of the Arcos de Teruel (.■Aqueduct) and of the Mina de D.aroca, re- paired its foundations from 1.549 to 1.551. The tower of the Church of El Salv:id<)r, Moorish style of the thirteenth centurj', w.os reinforced in the nineteenth century by brick additions. In the Church of San Pedro rest the bodies of the f.amous "lovers of Te- ruel", Diego M.artlnez de Marcilla and Isabel de Segiira. The gemin.ar>', dedicated to St, Toribio de Mogrovejo, was founded by the bishop Francisco Jos6 Rodriguez Chico, who after the ex-pulsion of the Jesuits in 1769 was granted the use of their magni- ficent college by Charles III. During the wars of independence and the civil wars that followed, the building was taken over for militarv (]uarters and shortly afterwards the seminary was supjiressed. It was rc-est.ablishe<i in 1849 by Don Antonio Lao y Cuevas, who g;ivc his own palace for the purpose. The Jesuit college h.'us since been restored to the order. The episcopal palace is in no way remarkable except