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 TEOS

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TEPIC

by secular princes over elections to ecclesiastical dignities led to the bitter strife over investitures. These passive fiefs were conferred by the suzerain investing the ncwly-electcd churchman with crozier and ring at the time of his making homage, but the employment of these symbols of spirit ual power gradu- ally paved the way to exorbitant claims on the part of thesecularovorlords (see Investitures, Conflictof). Among papal fiefs were included not merely landed estates, however vast, but also duchies, principalities, and even kingdoms. When the pope enfeoffed a prince, the latter did homage to him as to his liege lord, and acknowledged his vassalage by an annual tribute. Pius V (29 Mar., 1567) decreed that, in future, fiefs belonging strictly to the Patrimony of St. Peter should be incorporated with the Pontifical States whenever the vassalage lapsed, and that no new enfeoffment take place. John, King of England, de- clared that he held his reahn as a fief from the pope in 1213, and James II, King of Aragon, accepted the same relation for Sardinia .and Corsica in 129.5. The most famous papal fief was the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily, springing from investitures of 1059 and 1269. Modern conditions in Italy have made im- possible any continuance of such feudal relations.

II. As to the tenure by which church lands are now held by legal titles before the civil law, see Property, Ecclesiastical; and Trustee Sv.stem.

III. For the perpetual tenure by incumbents of benefices and ecclesiastical dignities, see Benefice.

Ferraris. Bitiliotheca Ciinonica, III (Rome, 1886), s. v. Fewlum: Maschat, Inslilutiones Canonicoe, II (Rome, 1757).

W. H. W. Fanning.

Teos, titular see, suffragan of Ephesus in Asia M inor. A city of Caria, situated on a peninsula opposite Sa- mos, it was an asylum for the Greeks, likewise for the Minyte of Orchomenos; then came colonies from Ionia, Athens, and Bceotia and gradually the population be- came Greiiian. This very prosperous city was one of the first attacked by the Persians; the inhabitants fled into Thrace and founded Abdera, during the reign of Cyrus. Those who remained in Teos allied them- selves with the Athenians. Later they revolted, go- ing over to the Spartan rule, but were afterwards reconquered by the Athenians. The walls, recently discovered, 3M miles in circumference, date from this time, as do also the greater part of the monuments which made it one of the most beautiful cities of Ionia. Teos was celebrated for its wine and, there- fore, for the worship of Bacchus. Here was born the poet Anacreon. Here too was the home of a body of bacchanalian artists who furnished actors for the theatres of Asia and the Archipelago. It was the begin- ning of the ancient theatre. In order to further com- merce and the pursuit of the fine arts, Teos, after hav- ing saved the fleet of the Roman pra:'tor Regulus from Ant iochus, Kingof SjTia, secured for its territory in 19.3 B.C. from Home and a great number of Grecian cities the right of perpetual ;isylum, this privilege being largely due to the temple of Bacchus. During the Christian era almost nothing is known of this city. It figures in all the "Notitia; Episcopatuum" as a suffragan of Ephesus, but in the fifteenth century no mention is made of it. Teos is believed to have been destroyed by an earthquake. Among its bishops Le Quien (Oriens christianus, I, 727) mentions: Maximus at the Council of Nice; Gennadius at Chalcedon, 451 ; finally St. Sisinnius, who is said to have lived about the eleventh century, and whose fea-st days are 2 Feb- ruary and 14 July, at Torcelli near Venice. To-day Teos is known a-s Sighadjik, near Sivri-Hissar; it is a nahie of the .sanjak of SmjTna; its ruins have fur- nished a great many inscriptions.

Smith. Dirt. nfOr. anil Rom. Geoa.. s. v.; Texier, Anie Mineure (Paris. 1862). 3C1-6; Waddinotos. EzpUcalion de.i in.^criplionii grecqutA et latinen, Asie Mineure, 2S-,55; Bulletin de correspondance helUnique, IV. 54-9, 110-21, 164-82; Scheffler, De rrhun Tei- arum (I^ipzie. 1882): CniNET. La Turtuie d'Aeie, III, 49.'i-5;

XIV.— 33

lie (Paris, 1904),

S. Vailh£.

Tepic, Diocese of (Tepicensis). — Diocese of the Mexican Republic, suffragan of the Archbishopric of Guadalajara. Its area is that of the federal state ot the same name, that is, 10,951 sq. m., besides a few parishes situated in the western part of Jalisco. It has a population of 171,837 inhabitants (Census of 1910). The principal city which is also the residence of the bishop and the political head is Tepic, 3146 feet above sea level and has 16,805 inhabitants. All this territory was discovered and devastated and the natives cruelly treated by the famous Nuno de Guz- man in 1530. It is said that during the conquest, many plots and even attempts at insurrection were made, not only by the aUied Indians but also by the Spanish themselves. To check this evil, some were hanged and others were put in prison ; many were tor- tured to obtain confessions as to the instigators of these conspiracies, the object of which in most cases was to return to Mexico. These cruelties caused such despair among the Indians who carried the supphes of the expedition that a great many committed sucide by hanging themselves in groups of ten. The Spanish had already established tliemselves, and cities such as Tepic, Compostela, S lilas, .Vcaponetam, etc. had al- ready been foumlcd wlien religious services were es- tablished. These soon developed and thrived after the foundation of the Bishopric of Guadalajara in 1548.

The mountainous region of the wonderful provinces of Nayarit, inhabited by barbarous and ferocious tribes of Indians, were still remaining refractory to civilization and Christianity. In 1668 the Francis- can Fathers J. Caballero and Juan B. Ramirez at- tempted, but in vain, to penetrate these mountains. The venerable Father Margil of the convent of Zaca- tecas also tried to reach these regions in 1711, but he was forced to retreat without satisfaction. Nayarit, which belonged to the Bishopric of Durango since its creation in 1620, remained so until the Bishop of Durango gave the mission of civilizing this wild coun- try to Father Tomas de Solchaga, S.J., professor of moral theology at the college at Durango; he was suc- cessful in penetrating the country to the heart of the mountains and there began to sow fruitful seeds in 1716. When the Marquis of Valero was Viceroy of New Spain he received through the royal cedula of Phihp V an order to subdue the Indians of tliat terri- tory and make them swear allegiance to the Spanish monarch; after many bloody battles and with many difficulties and hardships, he succeeded, with the help of his brave captains in taking pos.session of the fa- mous Mesa del Tonatiy. At his request the Father Provincial of the Society of Jesus of New Spain sent several missionaries to convert the newly-conquered Indians. They soon estabhshed flourishing missions which, when the Jesuits were expelled by the Decree of Charles III, included the following missions: Santa Rita, Santa Tere.sa, Iscatdn, Jesus Maria, SSma. Trin- idad, Giuanamota, and Rosario. After the expulsion of the Jesuits the parish priest of Bolafios on several occasions visited the reductions. The Franciscan Fathers took charge of the missions until the year 1807, when the Fathers of the College of Nuestra Senora de Zacatecas returned and remained until the mother-house at Zacatecas was abolished.

In 1S91 Leo XIII created the Diocese of Tepic which became suffragan of the Archbishopric of Guad- alajara; it was completed with several parishes situ- ated in the present State of Jalisco. The bishopric has 1 seminary and 72 alumni; 23 Catholic schools and 6 Catholic colleges with about 3,000 alumni. The present bishop is the Rt. Rev. Andrew Segura, who was consecrated, 16 Sept., 1906. There are 3 Protes- tant churches.