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 TENNESSEE

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TENNESSEE

in consequence of the fall of Fort Donelson, the Legis- lature adjourned to Memphis. On 22 Feb., 1862, Gen. Grant issued an order suspending civil govern- ment in Tennessee and declaring martial law. Presi- dent Lincoln appointed Andrew Johnson, Brigadier- General and Military Governor of Tennessee. In 1865 the Constitution of the state was amended so as to abolish slavery, and also to prohibit the General Assembly from making laws recognizing the right of property in man. On 4 March, 1865, Governor Johnson was inaugurated as Vice-President of the United States, and on 5 April following, Wm. G. Brownlow was inaugurated governor.

Following the return of tlae Confederate soldiers the Legislature passed a number of enactments which were strongly opposed by the conservative wing of the Union, which led to sentiments of animosity more bitter than the feelings engendered by war. One of these laws practically disfranchised all persons except those who had always been unconditional Union men. Tennessee was readmitted to the Union, 23 July, 1866, Andrew Johnson, then President of the United States, signing the bill. Tennessee was the only one of the seceding states to abolish slavery by its own act. From the beginning of the slavery agitation there was a strong abolition party in Tennessee. In 1820, "The Emancipator", the first abolition journal in the United States, was published by Elihu Embry at Jonesboro. The Ku Klux Klan was organized in Pulaski, middle Tennessee, in the summer of 1866, and was originally intended for the amusement of a band of young men who had returned from the Con- federate army. It afterwards spread throughout the South, becoming a strongly partisan organization operated for the protection of Confederate sym- pathizers against the evils and dangers of the period. In 1869 the Confederate element regained control of the State, and on 10 June, 1870, another constitutional convention was held. The Constitution there adopted was ratified by the people, 26 March, 1871, and is still in force.

III. Population. — The population of the state under the federal census of 1900 was 2,020,616: 1,021,224 males and 999,392 females; of whom 2,002,870 were native born: 1,010,793 males and 992,077 females. The coloured population, including mulattoes, Chinese, and others not of the white race, was 480,430: 238,522 males and 241,908 females. In 1910 the population was 2,184,789, an increase of 8.1 per cent.

IV. Resources. — The resources of Tennessee are abundant, rich, and varied. In the eastern and a large part of the middle divisions minerals abound in practically inexhaustible beds, principally coal, iron, copper, lead, and zinc. OU and natural gas is found in some sections. There are over 200 varieties of marble found in Tennessee. In middle Tennessee grass and grain are abundant and the stock-breeding interests in this section are famous. Here phosphate rock in great volume and richness is found. In west Tennessee fruits and grain are extensively produced. The principal products of this section are cotton and corn. The timber interests of the state are large and extensive, numerous forests in various sections of the state (poplar, oak, gum, hickory, and other varieties of timber) being untouched. The chief agricultural products are cotton, wheat, hay, corn, forage, and tobacco. The value of these products, according to the census of 1900, was $70,745,242. Animal products such as dairy, poultry, eggs, honey, and wax amount to $35,421,198. The chief manu- factories are flour and grist mills, producing an- nually, according to the census of 1900, products valued at $21,798,929: lumber and timber, $18,127,- 7S4; tol)HCC, .snulT, cigars, etc., S3,10,2. These with other manufactures make an annual production valued at $108,144,505. The productions of the

mines were: coal, .55,399,721; phosphate rock, $1,308,872; iron, .$1,123,.527; marble, .$518,256; limestone and dolomites, $482,033; all others, $761,373, aggregating $9,.533,782.

V. ISducatign. — With a scholastic population of 771 ,- 734, of which 587,088 are white and 184,646 coloured, there are enrolled in the public schools of Tennessee, 411,910 white and 100,248 coloured pupils. There are over 200 universities, colleges, and private training schools in the state. Its universities are among those leading in the South, notably: Vanderbilt University, University of Nashville, and Peabody Normal Col- lege at Nashville; University of the South at Sewanee; University of Tennessee at Knoxvillo; Cumberland University at Lebanon; Fisk, Roger Williams, and Walden Universities and Meharry Medical College at Nashville, the last four being devoted to the higher education of negroes. For Catholic education, dio- cese and population see Nashville, Diocese of.

VI. Religion and Religious Regulations. — The present Constitution of the State of Tennessee de- clares that "all men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty God according to the dic- tates of their own conscience; that no man can of right be compelled to attend, erect or support any place of worship or maintain any minister against his consent; that no human authority can, in any case whatever, control or interfere with the rights of con- science; and that no preference shall be given by law to any religious establishment or mode of worship. That no political or religious test, other than an oath to support the Constitution of the L^nited States and of this state, shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust in this state". Christmas Day and Good Friday are legal holidays. Doing or exercising on Sunday any of the common avocations of life, acts of real necessity or charity excepted, is for- bitlden. The mere violation of this law is not in- dictable, but a succession of such acts, if done so openly as to attract public observation, is indictable as a nuisance. It is forbidden by law to swear pro- fanely or curse in the hearing of any justice of the peace or to use profane or blasphemous language in public places; any person executing any public duty, convicted of profanely swearing or cursing, must for- feit and pay one dollar for each oath or curse. There is no provision in law for the use of prayer in the Legislature, but the rules of each branch usually provide for the appointment of a chaplain by the respective speakers. There is no statute in this state modifying the rule at common law requiring a clergy- man to disclose communications made in confessions. The question has not been decided by its courts, but it is probable that when the question is presented the courts of the state will follow the rule generally adopted by the courts of other states on this subject, which is, that all communications in the nature of confessions or applications for spiritual guidance, made to a priest or clergyman as such, in confidence and in the course of the discipline required by the church of which the clergyman is a member, are privileged.

According to the census bulletin of 1906, the church membership of all denominations was 697,570: total Protestant bodies, 677,947: Baptists, Southern and National conventions, 253,141; Free Baptists, 1,840; Free Will Baptists, 3,093; Duck River, etc. (Baptist Church of Christ), 4,099; Primitive Baptists, 10,204; coloured Primitive Baptists, 3,268; Congregational- ists, 2,426; Disciples of Christ, 14,904; Church.'s of Christ, 41,411; Lutheran, United Synods in the South, 1,678; Methodist Episcopal, 46,180; Methodist Prot- estant, 2,716; Methodist Episcopal Churdi .South, 140,308; African Methodists, 50,662; Presbyterian Church in U. S. .\., li.TSCi: ("mnberland Presbvtcrians, 42,464; Presbyterian Clunvh in U. S., 21,390; Coloured Cumberland Presbyterians, 6,640; Presbyterian,