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TARISEL

gum was edited from the manuscript in the British Museum (MS. Addit. 27031) by Ginsburger, "Tar- gum Jonathan ben Usiel zum Pentat." (Berhn, 1903). Concerning thLs codex cf. Barnstein in "Jew. Quart. Rev.", XI (1899), 167 sqq. An English translation has been published by Etheridge {supra).

Seugsohn and TR.4rB. tfber ,ten Geist der Uber.^efzung dts Jonathan ben Usiel zum Pent. etc. in Monntfichri/X far Gesch. u. Wissenschaft des Judenlums US57), 96 sqq.. 13S aqq.; Marmor- STEiN, Sludien zum Pseudo-Jonathan Targum (Presburg, 1905).

B. Targum Yerushalmi II on the Pentateuch is also called the Fragmentary- Targum, because the Targum on the entire Pentateuch h.Ts not been preserved, but only portions of it on numerous longer and shorter passages, frequently only the Targum on individual verses or parts of such. These fragments were first printed in the r.abliinic.al Bible of 1.517 as Cu"."l "^iV,i"i". In language, method of translation, and exe- getical form they are relaterl to the Pseudo-Jonathan. A perspicuously arranged compilation of the frag- ments that have been preserved is given by Gins- burger in the "ZDMG", LVII (1903), 67 sqq., and in loc. cit., LVIII (1904), 374 sqq., on a page that came from a geniza or repository in a sj-nagogue for damaged manuscripts. A Latin translation from the Venice edition of 1517 w:is pubhshed by Taylor (Lon- don, 1649); English tr. by Etheridge (supra).

GiNeBCROER, Das Pragmententargum (Berlin. 1S99); (1) Tar- gum according to Cod. 110 of the National Library at Paris; (2) variants from Cod. Vat. 440 and Lips; 1 ; (3) quotations from old writers: matter supplementarv to this work is given by M.4RX in Zeitachrifl fur hebr. Bibiiographie (1902), 55-58.

Opinions concerning the connexion between the Targums Jerushalmi I and Jcrushalmi II agree in gen- eral that both are to be traced back to different recen- Bions of an old Jerusalem Targum. This is the view of Zunz (p. 73, and passim), and also that of Geiger, "Urschrift und Ubersetzungen der Bibel" (Berlin, 1857), 454. Bagsfreund (infra) reaches the conclu- sion that the basis both of the Fragmentary- Targum and that of the Pseudo-Jonathan Ls a complote Jeru- salem Targum of post-Talmudic origin, but that the two Targums. Jerushalmi I and II, presuppose the existence of the Targum of Onkelos. The Fragmen- tary Targum gives from this ancient Jerusalem Targum, according to Bassfreund, only matter supplementary' to Onkelos, while Onkelos and the Jeru.salem Targum have been used in preparing the Pseudo- Jonathan. In the preface to his edition of the Pseudo-Jonathan (see below) Ginsburger tries to prove that both the Fragmentarj' Targum and the Pseudo-Jonathan m.ay be traced back to a verj' an- cient Palestinian Targum, which wtis not influenced by the Targum of Onkelos until a later date. The Fragmentary' Targum, in Ginsburger's opinion, rep- resents a variant collection, not to Onkelos (as Bass- freund thinks), but to another recension of that an- cient Jerusalem Targum. Ginsburger's views will have to be accepted as the more probable.

Bamfrecsd. Da.t Fragmententargum u. sein Verhallnis zu den anderen paldst. Targumim in Monalschrift fur Gesch, u. Wissen- tehaft lies Juilenlums, XL (1896), 1 sqq., 49 sqq., 97 sqq.. 145 sqq., 241 aqq.. 352 sqq., 390 sqq.; Ginsburger, loc. cit., XLI (1897). 289 sqq.. ."MO sqq.; preface to Pseudo- Jonathan, ed. Idem (Berlin, 1903): Necmark, LexikalUrhe Vntersuchungen zur Sprache der jeruaalemischen Pentat. Targume (Berlin, 190.5).

C. Targum Yeru.ihalmi III is the name assigned by Dalman (Gramm., 29) to fragments which are given in old editions of the Pentateuch, as Lisbon (1491), Sa- lonica (1.520), Constantinople (1.546), Venice (1.591), and in several MSS. Xearly all have been published by Ginsburger, "Das Fr.agmentent.argum" flS99), 71-74.

D. There have also been Jerusalem Targums on the Prophets and on individual books of the Hagiographa. As regards the Targums on the Prophets do Lagarde has given Reuchlin'g notes from the "Xebi'im Codex" in the introduction (pp. \T-XLII) to his "ProphetSB ch.aldaice" (infra). There .are fr.ag- ments on Josue, Judges, Samuel, Kings, Isaias,

Jeremiaa, Amos, Jonas, Zacharias. [Cf. Bacher in "ZDMG", XXVIII a874), 1-72; XXIX (1875), 157 sqq., 319 sq.]

III. Targums on the Hagiographa. — They are the work of various authors and have the character more or less of private undertakings, with the pro- duction of which the schools had nothing to do. Linguistically they are to be regarded as the work artificially produced of a late age. They depend in the main on the Jerusalem Targums and probably belong to the same era; the Targum on Chronicles ma>' be somewhat later. Three groups are to be distinguished as regards linguistic character and re- lation to the original text: (a) Targums to Proverbs, Psalms, and Job; (b) Targums to the five Megilloth, that is Ruth, Esther, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Canticles; (c) Targums to the Books of Chronicles. The Targums mentioned under (a) adhere relatively closest to the texi of the Bible. The Targum to Proverbs is in language and contents very dependent on the text of the .Syriac Peschitto, and is but Uttle more than a Jewish recension of the same. [Cf. Noldeke in "'Merx' Archiv fiir wissenschaftl. Erfor- schung des A. T.", II (1872), 246 sqq. ; Baumgartner, "Etude critique sur I't'tat du texte du hvre des Proverbes" (Leipzig, 1890), 267 sqq.) Haggadic additions are found only occasionally in the Targum on the Psalms. In a number of pas.sages a second translation is introduced with the remark 'X ',") (that is, "ns B'jnn another Targum). The T;irgum to Job contains many more additions. There are also variants of the usual formula of citation 'X '."i, and much oftener than in the Targum on the Psalms. In style and language this Targum resembles that on the Psalms, consequently both perhaps are the work of the same author.

(b) The Targums on the Megilloth are not in reahty translations but rather Haggadic commentaries. The Biblical text is most clearly evident in the Targums to Ruth and to Lamentations. The Targum to Ecclesiastes is a tastele.ss declamation upon the text on which it is based; that on Canticles is an alle- gorico-mystical Midrash. There are two Targums to Esther, the one closely resembles a paraphrase and has no legends interwoven with it; the other, called Tar- gum scheni, has altogether the character of a Midrash. It is only to a small degree a translation; the greater part, of it consists of stories, legends, and discourses that have but slight connexion with the contents of the book, (c) A Targum on the Books of Chronicles was edited from a MS. in Erfurt by Matthias Beck (2 pts., Augsburg. 1680-83); a more complete and correct texi taken from a MS. at Cambridge was edited by Wilkins, "Paraphrasis Chaldaica in librum priorem et posteriorem Chronicoruin" (Amsterdam, 1715).

All the Targums to the Hagiographa (excepting Chronicles) were printed for the first time in the Bom- berg Bible in 1517; afterwards in the "Polyglots" of Antwerp, Paris, and Ijondon. A modern edition from the Bomberg text, with Chronicles from the Erfurt Codex, was edited by de Lagarde, "Hagio- grapha chaldaice" (Leipzig, 1873).

Levy. Das Targum zu Koheleth jmeh sudarab. flandsehriften (Berlin, 1905); Gollancz, Targum to the .Song of .Songs (London. 1908). translation; P08NER. Das Targum Rischon zu d. hibl. B. Esther (Breslau. 1896) : David. Das Targum .icheni zum B. Esther (Berlin, 1898): Tatlor. Targ. prius et posterius in Estheram. . . in tinffuam Laiinam translalum (London, 1655); GELBHAri*, Daa Targum scheni zum B. Esther (Frankfort, 1893).

FR. ScHtJHLElN.

Tarisel, Pierre, master-mason to the king, b. about 1442; d. in .\ugust, 1510. (In 1.5.55 the title of architect w.as u.sed at Amiens for the first time, but it was not until 1609 that a master-mason of the town called himself an architect). We have no details con- cerning his birthplace, save that he belonged to no family of masons known at Amiens. It is certain that