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TANNER

of Lower Egypt. Tanis (in Egyptian Zani, in He- brew Zoan) was situated on a branch of the Nile, to which it gave its name. It was one of the oldest cities in the world, as the Bible bears witness (Num., xiii, 23), and hieroglyphic inscriptions attest its existence under Pharao Pepi 1 Merira of the sixth dynasty. It flourished especially under the pharoas of the twelfth dynasty, under the Hyksos, or shepherd kings (fif- teenth to seventeenth dynasties), under the pharoas of the nineteenth, twenty-fu'st, and twenty-third dy- nasties, who had made Tanis their capital. It was un- der the shepherd kings that the Jews installed them- selves in Egypt in the land of Gessen, near Tanis, and it is in this city, which was theresidenceof RamesesII, that Moses and Aaron performed many wonders (Ps. Ixxvii, 12 and 43). It is a mistake to confound Tanis with the Rame.sses built by the IsraeUtes (Ex., i, 10 and 11) and situated very probably at Tell-Rotab. The Prophet Isaias (xix, 11-13; xxx, 4) denounced Tanis and the Jewish politicians who had recourse to its kings; so too Ezechiel (xxx, 14 and 18), who an- nounced its approaching destruction. Jeremias, who also pronounced (ii, 16) anathemas against the city, was forced to follow the Jews thither after the con- quest of Palestine by Nabuchodonosor (Jer., xhii, 7- 10; xliv, 1; -xlvi, 14). In these last passages however the Bible uses Thacphanes or Thaphanhes, in Latin Taphnes, and it is not absolutely certain that this is the same as Tanis, some identifying Taphnes with Tell Dafaneh, about seventeen miles from §an or Tanis. The earliest Bishop of Tanis is Eudajmon, a Mehtian bishop at the beginning of the fourth centiu-y. Men- tion may be made also of Hermion, bishop in 362; ApoUonius, present at tlie Robber Synod of Ephesus and Paul in 45S. Besides these Le Quien speaks of eight Jacobite bishops (Oriens christ., II, 535-38), the last of whom hved in 1086. About 870 the French monk Bernard visited Tanis, "in qua sunt christiani multum rchgiosi, nimia hospitalite ferventes" (Tob- ler ami MoUnier, "Itinera hierosolymitana", I, 313). At the present time Tanis is a poor village called San el Haggar containing 1570 inhabitants, near Lake Menzaleh. The ruins, situated about twenty min- utes distance, consist of a large temple, a small granite temple, and of other monuments not identi- fied.

Petrie, Tanis in Egypt Exploration Fund (London. 1SS5-8); Roug£, O'eog. ancienne de la Basse-Egypte (Paris, 1891); 90-5; Jui.UEN, L'EgypU (Lille, 1891), 151-7; Ami^unead, La geog. de I'Eguple a Vipoque copte (Paris, 1893), 413 sq.

S. Vailhe.

Tanner, Adam, controversialist, b. at Innsbruck in 1571; d. at Unken, 25 May, 1632. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1589, and taught at first Hebrew, apologetics, and moral theology. When in 1601 the religious debate between Catholics and Lutherans was arranged at Ratisbon, Tanner aided his fellow Jesuit Gretser in proving that the dead word of the Bible could not be the supreme arbiter in mat- ters of faith. He himself published an account of the proceedings (Mainz, 1602) and in subsequent apologies hurled back the charges brought against the Catholics by the Reformers. In l(i:{, thi- Bavarian duke invited him to occupy the chair of Scholastic theology in the University of Ingolstadt . \ stranger in no field of science and gifted with a keen intclU'ct, Tanner now developed an increasing activity both in teaching and writing on theological subjects. In his ."Anatomia; confcssionis augustana;" (Ingolstadt, 1613), he points out the fallacies of the Augsburg Confession, both from Luthi^r's own assertions and from the qualities essential to the true Church. Against the so-called Utraquists, he wrote several works, both in Latin and in (Jerman, defending the Church's practice of giving Communion under one species only, and the .sacrifice of the Mass. Other pamphlets were issued by him to clear his order from

the false accusations of its enemies. When the con- flict between the Venetians and Pope Paul V (q. v.) broke out, an able defence from his pen, "Defensionis ecclesi» libertatis Ubri duo" (Ingolstadt, 1607), vin- dicated the Church's freedom against the tyrannical aggressions of the State.

After fifteen years spent at Ingolstadt, he was called by the Emperor ^latthias to the University of Vienna. While there he published his greatest work, the "Universa theologia scholastica" (Ingolstadt, 1626-27), whichresembles the " Summa "of St.Thomas not only in its arrangement, but also in its solidity of doctrine and conciseness of diction. Ferdinand II, Matthias's successor on the throne of the Habsburgs, appointed him chancellor of the LTniversity of Prague. Fleeing from the Swedes, Tanner died at Unken, an insignificant village near Salzburg. There he still rests amid unlettered peasants in an unknown grave. But, as Cordara says, "his virtues, coupled with his eminent erudition, will ever be his most splendid epitaph and mausoleum."

CoRDAR.\. Hist. Soc. lesu, VI. 583; Guilhermt, Menologe, I, 470; Tholen, Menologium. 325; Hurter, Nomenclalor, I, 254; SoMMERVOGEL, Bibliothcque VIL 1843, sqq.

A. C. Cotter.

Tanner, Conrad, Abbot of Einsiedeln, b. at Arth in the Canton of Schwyz, 28 Dec, 1752; d. 7 April, 1825. He studied the classics and theology at Einsiedeln; made vows in the Order of St. Benedict on 8 Sept., 1772, and was ordained in May, 1777. He was engaged as teacher at the gymnasium of Einsiedeln and later at Belhnzona. In 1787 he held the position of librarian at his abbey, and in 1789 he was made director of the college at Belhnzona. During the Revolution Tanner fled to the Tyrol, taking with him the miraculous statue, the head of St. Meinrad, and other valuables, and remained there until he could restore the treasures to the abbey. He was ap- pointed pastor of St. Gerold in Vorarlberg in 1802, where he remained for three years, until recalled to act as master of novices. At the death of Abbot Beat in 1808 Tanner was elected abbot. With great prudence he accommodated himself to the political situation and thus seciu-ed the existence of the monas- tery. He encouraged the pui'suit of studies, renovated the buildings, and rebuilt the Holy Chapel which had been destroyed 1798 by the French. Although the village of Einsiedeln was no longer under his jurisdiction, he retained for it a fatherly solicitude which he manifested especially in the vears of famine (1816 and 1817). It was the intention of Pius VII to create the new Diocese of Waldstatten out of the cantons Uri, Schwj'z, and LTnterwalden, to make Tanner bishop, and to constitute the monks of Ein- siedeln as cathedral chapter. The matter was pro- posed in 1818, but was declined by the abbot and his capitulars. Tanner's writings are: " Betrachtungen zur sittlichen Aufklarung im neunzehnten Jahrhun- dert" (5 vols., Augsburg, 1804-1808); "Bildung des Geisthchen durch Geistesiibungen " (Augsburg, 1807), of which a fifth edition appeared at Einsiedeln in 1846; his pedagogical works were pubUshed by his successor. Abbot Celestine Miiller.

RlNGHOLZ, WaUfahrtsgesckichte unserer lieben Frail von Einsie' debt (Freiburg, 1876), 28; Kuhn, Der jHzige Stiftsbau von M. E. (Einsiedeln, 1883), HI; RioNlER, Chronigue d' Einsiedeln (Paris, 1837), 222.

Francis Mershman.

Tanner, Edmund, Bishop of Cork and Clo\me, Ireland, 1574-1.579; b. about 1.526; d. 1579. The statement in his brief of aiipointment that he was born in the ecclesi:islic;il pro\ince of Dublin is all that is known of his i:uly life. His surname was borne by persons of Imniblc station at C;ilverstown, Co. Kildare, which, coupled with liis familiarity with the Eust;ices of Baltinglas, may give colour to a sur- mise that he was a nati\'e of that district. In 1565