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SYDNEY

years ago the list of Old Catholic clergy gave 56 names ; in the summer half-year of 1910 the Old Catholic theological department at Berne had three Swiss and six foreign students. In addition to the Old Catholic bishop, the Christian CathoUc National Church is administered by a national sj'nod which meets annu- ally; besides the Old Catholic priests and the bishop its membership includes delegates elected by the parishes. The Swiss Jews are united for worship into twenty-two communities which are organized in ac- cordance with the laws of the Confederation for associations.

Studkr, Geologic der Schweiz (Zurich, 1851-53); Heer, Die Vrwell der Schweiz (2nd ed., Zurich, 1879); Schboter, Das Pfianzenleben der AlpenweU (Zurich, 1907); von Tschudi, Das Tierleben der AlpenweU (11th ed., Leipzig, 1890): Zimmerli, Die deutsch-franz^sische Sprachgrenze in der Schweiz (Basle, 1891-99); VON Saus, Bundesrcchl (5 vols., 2nd ed., Berne, 1903 — ); Meter, Gesch. des sckweizerischen Bundesrechi (Winterthur, 1875-78), supplement (1881): Amtlicher Sammlung der dlteren eidgendS' siclien Abscheide ton 1^47 Ms /7SS (17 vols., Zurich and Lucerne, 1839-1886); Amti. Sammlung der Akten aus der Zeit der helrelischen Republik (10 vols., Berne, 1886-1907); Hidber, Schweizerisches Urkundenregisler (Bernc, 1863-1877); Quellen zur Schweizerge- schichte (since 1877) ; Hl'RBlN, Handhuch der Schweizerge^ch. iStana, 1900-1908), with a full list of authorities and bibliography; von McLLER, Gesch. der schweiz. Eidgenossenscha/t (15 vols., Zurich, 1805-1853), continued by several writers, by Danukeb (3 vols., 1900 — ), DiERAtlER (1887-1907): Gelpke, Kirchengesch. der Schweiz (Beme. 18.56-61); von Muunen, Helvetia sacra (Berne. 1S58-1S61): LtJTOLF, Die Glaubensbolen der Schweiz vor Si. Gallus (Lucerne, 187i) : Ecu, Kirchengesch. der Schweiz bis auf Karl d. Gr. (Zurich, 1893); Btjcm, Die kathol. Kirche in der Schweiz (Munich. 1902); HtJRTEB, Die Befeindung der kathol. Kirche in der Schweiz (Schaffhausen, 1842); Cr^tineau-Joly, I{ist. du Sonderbund (Fribourg. 1850): SlEOWART^MilLLER, Der Kampf zwischen Recht «. (reiMrt (Altorf, 1863-1866); Gareis and ZoRN, Staat u. Kirchr in der Schweiz (Zurich, 1877-78) ; Hist, de la

perslcution r.Vj' .i (."■ ;.', (Pari.s, 1878); Tuoxixit, Die " kalho-

liscK'-theolmi' / ./. der Hochschule Bern (Basle, 1903);

Idem, Die /c / ' lung des AUkatholizismus (Cologne,

1908): cf, al>o It . !.iMiMi:r:i|>hies to the articles on the Swiss dio- ceses and to the articles Calvin and Zwinqli.

J. P. KiRSCH.

Sword, Knights of the. See Military Orders, The.

Sydney, Akchdiocesb op (Sydnetensis). — The vast territories formerly known as New Holland and Van Diemen's Land and since 1900 as The Commonwealth of AustraUa were erected into the Vicariate ApostoUc of New Holland in 1834. John Bede Folding (q. v.), a Benedictine, was appointed vicar ApostoUc. He was consecrated bishop in London on 29 June, 1834. Dr. Folding visited Rome in 1841-2, and at his suggestion new sees were erected in Hobart and Adelaide. A few years later Melbourne and Brisbane were also detached from the archdiocese. In New South Wales dio- ceses were erected at Maitland, Cioulbum, Bat- hurst, Armidale, Lismore, and Wilcannia; these form at present the suffragan sees of Sydney, which was erected into an archdiocese on 1.5 Februarj-, 1842. The archdiocese stretches along the Pacific coast from Red Head on the north to Cape Howe on the south, and inland to the Dividing Range. When Dr. Fold- ing landed at Sydney, there were only four priests in the district; Father Ullathorne, an English Benedic- tine who had come to Australia in 1833, was vicar general, assisted by Fathers Therry, McEncroe, and Dowling, three Irish priests, the last named a Domini- can. The official census of 1833 gave the population of the colonv a.s 60,794, the Protestants of all denom- inations being 43,09.5 and the Cathohcs 17,283. The government allowance in the same year for the main- tenance of the Catholic Church was S4000; whilst to the Church of England, exclusive of its rich land endowments, wa.s a.ssigned the sum of $9.5,3.5.5. There were 10 f "alholic schools receiving about S2000 from the Governnicnt, whilst the Protestant 8chool.^ were allowed S2S,t)S0, in addition to a grant of $16, .500 for the building of the Protestant King's School at Parramatta. In 1836 Dr. Ullathorne sailed for England and Ireland to secure priests and nuns for the increasing demands of the diocese. He availed

himself of this opportunity to publish a i)amphlet setting forth the sad condition of the convicts, and the maladministration of affairs in official quarters. Seventy-five thousand copies of tliis pamphlet were circulated in England and throughout the Continent, and its effect was seen in the altered conditions of administration soon after introduced. His mission was successful, and in 1841 Dr. Folding was enabled to report to Propaganda that the diocese had 24 priests, a community of nuns, 9 churches completed and 6 others in course of erection, with several small chapels, and 31 schools.

During a visit to Rome in 184(>-47 Dr. Folding secured the appointment of Dr. Davis, O.S.B., titu- lar Bishop of Maitland, as his coadjutor bishop. He, however, died in Sydney in 1854. In 1873 Arch- bishop Roger Bede V.aughan was appointed coad- jutor, and he succeeded Dr. Folding on 16 March, 1877. He was remarkable for his eloquence, and upheld with great vigour the Catholic cause in the matter of religious education. On 19 April, 1883, he sailed for England via San Francisco, but died two days after his arrival in Liverpool (18 August). Pat- rick Francis Moran (see below), Bishop of Ossory, Ireland, was appointed to the vacant see, his Brief being dated 21 March, 1884. Dr. Higgins was appointed auxiliary bishop in 1888, and in 1899 was translated to the See of Rockhampton in Queensland. Most Rev. Michael Kelly, titular Archbishop of Achrida, was appointed coadjutor in 1901. The cathe- dral under the invocation of Our Lady Help of Chris- tians, begun as far back as 1820 by Father Therry and completed by Archbishop Folding, was destroyed by fire on 29 June, 1865. It was rebuilt according to plans by Warden, and consecrated by Archbishop Vaughan on 8 September, 1882. Archbishop Moran landed at Sydney on 8 Sejitember, 1884. The following year he was summoned to Rome to be promoted to the car- dinalate. He convened and presided at three plenary synods (1885, 1895, 1905), and also presided at the Catholic congresses held in 1900, 1904, and 1909. Conferences of the clergy and diocesan synods have been held every year. St. Patrick's Ecclesiastical College, for the secular clergy, was erected at Manly on a government grant of eighty acres; the founda- tions were blessed during the plenary synod of 1885, and dedicated in 1SS8. It was built and fully equipped at the sole exjiense of Cardinal Moran, who wished it to be his gift to the .Australian Church, as it was intended not for Sydney alone but for all the Australian dioceses. It has in the present year (1911) eighty students, aU Australians, and has .since its opening furnished one hundred and thirty priests to the Au.stralian mission. A preparatory ecclesias- tical college at Springwood, in the Blue Mountains, was opened last year. It is erected on a site of six hundred acres, the purchase of the land and the erec- tion of the building being a further gift of the car- dinal to the diocese. There are two Catholic weekly newspapers: "The Catholic Press" and "The Free- man's Journal"; there is also the quarterly "Aus- tralasian Catholic Record", besides, some minor monthly publications. The Cathohc Club, organized in 1810, has a considerable enrolment.

When the Dr. Folding was appointed vicar Apos- tolic, several English Benedictines volimteered for the .Australian mission. Some years later, at Dr. Folding's petition, St. M.ary's was declared a Bene- dictine cathedral, the adjoining pre.sbyt^rj' was raised to the dignity of a Benedictine priorj', and it was hoped by the archbisho]) that the wliole dioce.se would be efficiently served by an Anglo- .Australian Bene- dictine community. This, however, was soon found to be impracticable. From the first many difficulties beset th(> Benedictine Order in Sydney. The com- munity w:us finally dissolved by Archbishop Vaughan, himself a Benedictine, and missions were assigned to