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SIOUX

result of this acquaintance the first Sioux (Yankton) delegation visited Washington in the latter year. At the same time, 1S05-6, Lieutenant Zebulon Pike ascended the Mississippi on a similar errand to the Santee Sioux and other tribes of that region. In this he was successfid and on '23 Sejitember, 1S05, nego- tiated the first treaty of the Sioux with the United States, by which they ceded lands in the vi<'inity of the present St. Paul for thc> (>stablishment of niiliiary posts, at the same time giving up their English flags and medals and accepting American ones. Up to this period and for some years later the rapidly diverging bands of the east and west still held an annual reunion east of the lower James River in eastern South Dakota. In 1807 Manuel Lisa, founder of the American Fur Comjiany, "the most active and indefatigable trader that St. Louis ever produced" (Chittenden), established headquarters among the Sioux, at Cedar Island, below the present Pierre, S. D., later moving down to about the present Chamberlain. Lisa was a Spaniard, and like his P>ench associates, Chouteau, Alcnard, and Trudeau, was a Catholic. At his several trading posts among the Teton and Yankton Sioux, and the Omaha lower down the river, he showed the Indians how to plant gardens and care for cattle and hogs, besides setting up blacksmith shops for their benefit, without charge, and caring for their aged and helpless, so that it was said that he was better loved by the Sioux than any other white man of his time. ' Being intensely Amer- ican in feeling, he was appointed first government agent for the upper Missouri River tribes, and by his great influence with them held them steady for the United States throughout the War of 1812, notwith- standing that most of the eastern, or Santee, Sioux, through the efforts of Tecumtha and a resident Brit- ish trader, Robert Dickson, declared for England and furnished a contingent against Fort Meigs. Lisa died in 1820. At the close of the war, by a series of five similar treaties made 15 July, 1815, at Portage des Sioux, above St. Louis, the various Sioux bands made their peace with the United States and finally acknowledged its sovereignty. Other late hostile tribes made peace at the same time. This great treaty gathering, the most important ever held with the tribes of the Middle West, marks the beginning of their modern history. In 1820 Fort Snelling was built at the present Minneapolis to control the Santee Sioux and Ojibwa, an agency being also establi.shed at the same time. In 1825 another great treaty gathering was convened at Prairie du Chien for the delimitation of tribal boundaries to put an end to inter-tribal wars, and clear the way for future land ces.sions. At this period, and for years after, the Sioux led all other tribes in the volume of their fur trade, consisting chiefly of buffalo robes and beaver skins.

With the establishment of permanent government relations regular mission work began. In 1834 the brothers Samuel and (lideon Pond, for the Congre- gationalists, located among the Santee at Lake Cal- houn, near the present St. Paul, Minn. In 1835 the same denomination established other missions at Lake Harriet and Lac-qui-Parle, Minn., under Rev. J. I). Stevens an<i Thomas Williamson respectively. In 1837 Williamson was joined by Rev. Stephen Higgs and his son Alfred. In 1S.J2 the two last-named mis- sions were removeil to the upper Minnesota in con- sequence of a treaty cession. All of these workers are known for their linguistic contributions as well as for their missionary .service. In 1837 a Lutheran mission was established at Red Wing and continued for .some years. The sucicssful establishment of these mi.s.sions was due chiifly lo the encouragement and active aid alTordcd by Joseph Renville, a remarkable halt-breed, who stood high in the respect and afTection of the Ciistern Sioux. Born in the wilderness in 1779

Clocd, a Famous Ch Ogalala Sioux From a Pliotograph

of an Indian mother, he had been taken to Canada, when a small boy, by his French father, a noted trader, and placed under the care of a Catholic priest, from whom he acquired some knowledge of French and of the Christian religion. The death of his father a few years later and his consequent return to the Sioux country put an end to his educational opportunity, but the early impression thus made was never effaced. On coming to manhood and succeed- ing to his father's business he sent across the ocean, probably through Dickson, the British trader, for a French Bible (which, when it came, was Protestant) and then hired a clerk who coukl read it to him. On the establishment of the post at Prairie du Chien he brought down his Indian wife and had her regu- larly married to him by a Catholic priest, he himself having previously instructed her in religion as well as he could. When the Congregation- alists arrived he welcomed them as bringing Chris- tianity, even though not of the form of his child- hood teacher. He died in 1846.

In 1841 Father August ine Ravoux began work among the Santee in the neighbourhood of Fort Snelling, near which l''alh('r Cialtier had just built a log chapel of St. Paul, around which grew the modern city. Applying him.self to the study of the language, in which he soon became proficient. Father Ravoux in 1843 repaired to Prairie du Chien, and there with his own hands printed a small devotional work, "Katolik Wocekiye Wowapi Kin", which is still used as a mission manual. He continued with the tribe for several years, extending his ministrations also to the Yankton, until recalled to parish work. As earlv at least as 1840 the great Jesuit aiioslleof the North-West, Father P. J. De Smet, had visited the bands along the Missouri River, where Father Chris- tian Hoecken had preceded him in 1837, instructing adults and baptizing children. Father De Smet made several other brief stops later on his way to and from the Rocky Mountain missions, and in the sum- mer of 1848 spent several months in the camps of the Brule and Ogalala, whom he found well disposed to Christianity. In 1850 Father Hoecken was again with the Yankton and Teton, but the design to estab- lish a permanent mission was frustrated by his untimely death from cholera, 19 June, 1851. In the same summer Father De Smet attended the great inter-tribal gathering at I'^ort Laramie, where for several weeks he preached daily to the Sioux and other tribes, baptizing over fifteen hun<lred children. From thai period until his death in 1872 a large portion of his lime was given to the western Sioux, among whom his influence was so great that he wa.s several times called in by the Government to assist in treaty negotiations, notably in the great peace treaty of 1868.

In 1837 the Sioux .sold all of their remaining terri- tory east of the Mississippi. In the winter of 1837-8 sinalli)ox. introduced from a |)assing steamer, swept over all the trilies of the ujipcr Missouri River, killing perhaps 30,000 Imlians, of whom a large jiroportion were Sioux, .\bout the same time the war with the