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it is understood to be a total suspension. A partial suspension deprives a cleric of the use of that power only which is expressed in the sentence. A cleric does not incur an irregularity when he violates a suspension imposed for a former transgression, because then there is no violation of a censure. The same holds good if he has been suspended for some defect of mind or body not blameworthy. Irregularity is contracted when a cleric performs a solemn act of sacred orders, from the use of which he had been suspended. Thus, if a bishop forbidden to celebrate Mass pontifically were to perform such a function, he would not incur irregularity because he does not thereby e.xercise any substantial act of episcopal orders. As the Church can not deprive a suspended cleric of the power of sacred orders, but only forbids their use, it follows that acts of sacred orders remain valid after suspension. On the other hand, acts of juris- diction become null and void after a suspended cleric has been denounced by name, because the Church has power to de- prive one totally of j urisdiction. Suspension ex informala con- scientia has the same effect as a formal suspension, but it is not inflicted by judicial sen- tence, but as an extraordinary remedy, without the canonical monitions being necessary, and it is imposed for occult but grave crimes.

When a cleric has been suspended from the income of his benefice, it is not the Church's desire that he be reduced to actual want. Con- sequently sufficient support is to be given to him, provided he have no means of his own and be willing to amend. Even when he does not turn from his evil ways, the clerical dignity requires that he be not suf- fered to fall into extreme want or danger of starvation. The L principal grounds on which suspension is incurred ipso facto in the present discipline of the Church are found in the Decrees of the Council of Trent and in the Constitution "ApostoHca; Sedis Moderationi", though a few others have been added. A cleric is relieved of suspension, if it was a censure, by the absolution of him to whom it was reserved in case of reservation. When it w:is inflicted for a definite time or under a certain condition, it ceases of itself when the limitation is fulfilled. If the suspension was perpetual and decreed on account of a former crime, it may be removed by mere dispensation of the proper authority.

Tal-nton, The Law of the Church (London. 1906), s. v.: Smith, The New Procedure in Criminal and Disciplinary Causes (New York. 1890); Sl.iteb-Martix. Manual of Moral Theology, II (New York, 1908). WiLLIAM H. W. FANNING.

Sutri. See Nepi and Sdtri.

Sutton, Robert, Venerable, priest, martyr, b. at Burton-on-Trent; quartered at Stafi'ord, 27 July, 1587. He is not to be confused with the Ven- erable Robert Sutton, who was a companion of the Venerable William Hartley (q. v.). He took thi> degree of M. A. from Christ Church, O.xford, ',) ,Iuly, 1567, and became Rector of Lutterworth, Leicester- Bhirc, in 1.571, but was converted by hisyounger brother William, afterwards S.J. With his yoimger brother .\brahain, who matriculated from Hart Hall in 1.576, aged 25, he arrived at Douai, 2:i March, 1575 (1576). They were both ordained subdeacons at

Cambrai in September, deacons in December, and priests in the following February; having said their first Masses, 7 March, they left for England, 19 March, 1577 (1578). Robert was arrested at Stafford, and condemned merely for being a priest. He was cut down alive. After the lapse of a year Cathohcs managed to secure one of his quarters, when the thumb and index-finger were found to be intact. Abraham Sutton gave Father John Gerard the thumb, which is now at Stonyhurst College.

Pollen, Acts of the English Martyrs (London, 1891), 323-6- Idem, English Martyrs ISSi-ieOS (London, I90S), 288, 291; Challoner, Missionary Priests, I (Edinburgh, 1877), no 44- Knox, Douay Diaries (London, 1878); Foster, Alumni Oz- onienses, early series (Oxford, 1892).

John B. Wainewright.

Sutton, Sir Richard, co-founder of Brasenose College, Oxford, date of bii-th unknown; d. Septem- ber or October, 1524. He was the younger son of Sir William Sutton, of Sutton, Leicester- shire. It is not known where he was educated, but he de- voted himself to the legal profession, became a member of the Inner Temple, and achieved considerable success. In 149S he was a privy coun- cillor and held the valuable position of steward of the monastery of Sion, near Lon- don, to which house he gave benefactions of land. The chief work of his life was the building and endowment of Brasenose College, which he carried out in conjunction with Bishop Smyth of Lin- coln. Their jilans were laid in 1508, and iluring the follow- ing years Sutton bought for its endowment estates in Mid- dlesex, Leicestershire, Oxford- shire, and Essex. These he formally made over to Brase- nose in 1519. and in May, 1523, 1' ••'I TinN Brasenose Hall and Little Uni-

,han Fabor. the Elder yersitv Hall, which he had

leased from the university, were conveyed to the new college. His other benefactions during life or at death included the foundation of a chantry at Macclesfield or Sutton, the making of a highway at St. Giles-in-the- Fields, London, and donations or legacies to Corpus Christi College, Oxford, the Temple (wherein he held high oflice) and Clement's Inn, London, the monas- tery of Sion, and Macclesfield Grannnar School. He was knighted by Henry VIII between May, 1522, and March, 1524. From his will it would .seem that in earlier life he had been of strong Yorkist sjanpathies. Churton, Lives of William Smyth and .Sir Richard Sullon (Oxford, ISno); Inderwick, Calendar of the Inner Temple Records (London, 1896); Bcchan, Brasenose College (Oxford, 1898).

Edwin Burton.

Swan, Order of the, a pious confraternity, in- dulgenced by the pope, which arose in 1440 in the Electorate of Brandenburg, originally comjjrising, with the Elector Frederick at their head, thirty gentlemen and seven ladies united to pay special honour to the Blessed Virgin. It spread rapidly, numbering in 1464 about XiO meuibei-s, as well as branches established in the Margraviate of Anspach (1465) and in the po.ssessions of the Teutonic Order in Prussia. But Prot<\stantism, by sui)pr<'ssing devo- tion to Mary, abolished th<' confratcnuly's raison d'drc. Ill 1S4:> King Frederick William l\ of Prussia, in his infiiluiitioii for the Middle .\ges. thought of re- establishing this ortler, but this w:is never more than a