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SIOUX

with 33 stations. There were 3 convents, 2 academies for young ladies, 4 parochial schools for the white and 4 schools for the Indian children, while the Catholic population, including 700 Indians, numbered 15,800 souls. The decade beginning with 1880, witnessed a wonderful development and the population increased from 135,180 to 250,000. The statistics at the end of 1883 show 45 priests, 82 churches, 67 stations, 4 convents, 4 academies, 12 parochial schools, 6 Indian schools and a Catholic population, including 1,600 Indians, of 25,600 souls. The Territorj' of Dakota was di\'ided by Act of Congress, 22 February, 1889, and the two states. North and South Dakota, were admitted to the Union, 2 November, 1889. The same month witnessed the ecclesiastical diNasion of the vicariate, and two new dioceses were formed, Sioux Falls (South Dakota) with Bishop Marty its first bishop; and Jamestown (North Dakota), now Fargo, with Bishop Shanley (d. July, 1909) its first incum- bent. In 1894 Bishop Mart}- was transferred to the Diocese of St. Cloud, ^linnesota, where he died 19 Sep- tember, 1896.

The eiforts of Bishop Marty were crowned with mar\'ellous success. He devoted himself especially to the Indian race. He spoke their language and trans- lated hj'mns and prayers into their tongue. The second and present (1911) Bishop of Sioux Falls, the Right Rev. Thomas O'Gorman, was boni at Boston, Massa- chusetts, 1 May, 1843, he moved with his parents to St. Paul, and was one of the first two students selected for the priesthood by Bishop Cretin, the other was Archbishop Ireland. Ha\'ing pursued his ecclesiastical studies in France, he returned to St. Paul, where he was ordained priest, 5 November, 1865. He was pastor in turn of Rochester and Faribault, Minn., and first president and professor of dogmatic theology at St. Thomas' College, St. Paul. In 1890 he was ap- pointed Professor of Church Historj' in the Catholic University, Washington, D. C, was consecrated in St. Patrick's Church, Washington, D. C. (19 April, 1896) by Cardinal Satolli, then Apostolic delegate to this countiy, and on 2 May, 1896, was in- stalled in the pro-cathedral of his episcopal see. The statistics of the diocese then showed 51 secular and 14 regular priests, 50 churches with resident priests, 61 missions with churches, 100 stations, 10 chapels, 14 parochial schools, 61 Indian schools, 2 orphanages, and 1 hospital. There were 3 communi- ties of men and 6 of women, while the Catholic popu- lation, white and Indian, was estimated at 30,000 souls. Bishop O'Gorman infused new life into the diocese. The population inere^used so rapidly that in 1902 the Diocese of Lead was erected. 'The statistics of the diocese (1911) are in priests, secular 102, regular 13; students 10; churches with resident jiriests, 91; mi.ssions with churches, 70; stations, 23; chapels, 13; parochial schools, 23 with 2,500 children in at- tendance; hosjjitals, 4. There are 3 communities of men: Benedictines, Eudists, and the Clerics of St. Viateur. The communities of women are; Dominican Sisters; Presentation Nuns; Benedictine Sisters; .Sis- ters of the Third Order of .St. Francis; .School Sisters of .St. Francis, and the Sisters of Charity of St. Louis. Columbus College at Chamberlain, in charge of the Clerics of .St. Viateur is an in.stitution of great promise. The Catholic pojjulation, including .500 Indians, is 50,000. In the vicariate Apo.stolic of thirty-one years ago, where there were only 1 bishop and 12 priests, there are now (1911) 4 bishops and 284 priests.

Diocesan Archivrs; Catholic Directories; personal recollections.

Daniel, F. Desmond.

Sioux Indians, the largest and most important Indian tribe north of Mexico, with the single excep- tion of the Ojibwa (Chippewa), who, however, lack the solidarity of the !^ioux, being widely .scattered on both sides of the international boundarv, while XIV,— 2

the Sioux are virtually all within the United States and up to a comparatively recent period kept up close connexion among the various bands.

N.\ME AXD Affili.\tiox. — The name Sioux (pro- nounced .Su) is an abbreviation of the French spelling of the name by which they were anciently known to their eastern Algonquian neighbours and enemies, viz. Nadouvssioux, signifying "httle snakes", i. e. little, or secondary enemies, as distinguished from the eastern Nadowe, or enemies, the Iroquois. This ancient name is now obsolete, having been superseded by the modern Ojibwa term Buarmg, of uncertain et\-mology. They call themselves Dakota, Nakota, or Lakota, accord- ing to dialect, meaning "allies". From the forms Dakota, Lakota, and Sioux are de- rived numerous place-names with- in their ancient area, including those of two great states. Lingui.'^ti- cally the, Sioux arc of thegreat .Siouan stock, to which they have given name and of which they themselves now constitute nearly three- fourths. Other cognate tribes are the Assiniboin, Crow, Hidatsa, or Minitari, Mandan, Winnebago, Iowa, Omaha, Ponca, Oto, Missouri, Kaw, Osage, and Quapaw, aU excepting the Winnebago living west of the ^lississippi; together with a number of tribes for- merly occupying territories in Mississippi and the cen- tral regions of the Carolinas and Virginia, all now vir- tually extinct, excepting a handful of Catawba in South Carolina. Linguistic and traditionary evidence indi- cate this ea.stern region as the original home of the stock, although the period and causes of the westward migration remain a matter of conjecture. The Sioux language is spoken in three principal dialects, viz. .Santee (pronounced Sahntee), or eastern; Yankton, or middle; and Teton, or western, differing chiefly in the interchange of d, n, and I, as indicated in the various forms of the tribal name. The Assiniboin are a seceded branch of the Yankton division, having separated from the parent tribe at some time earlier than 1640.

History. — When and why the Sioux removed from their original home in the East, or by what route they reached the upper Mississippi country, are unknown. When first noticed in history, about 1650, they centered about Mille Lac and Leech Lake, toward the heads of the Mississippi, in central Minne- sota, having their eastern frontier within a day's march of Lake Superior. From this position they were gradually driven by the pressure, from the east, of the advancing Ojibwa, who were earlier in obtaining firearms, until nearly the whole nation had removed to the Minnesota and upper Red River, in turn driving before them the Cheyenne, Omaha, and other tribes. On reaching the buffalo plains and procuring horses, supplemented soon thereafter by firearms, they rapidly overran the coimty to the west and south-west, crossing the Missouri jjcrhaps about 1750, and continuing on to the Black Hills and the Platte until checked by the Pawnee, Crow, and other tribes. At the beginning of treaty relations in 1805 they were the acknowledged owners of most of the territory extending from central Wisconsin, across