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 SUBREPTION

322

SUBSTANCE

1910 notes 21 priests, 10 clerics, 8 lay brothers, and 3 novices. On 7 January, 1909, Pius X restored to the monks the right of electing their own abbot. On the 2Sth they elected Lawrence Salvi. The pope conferred on him the right of wearing the cappa magna on 17 Feb., and four days later Salvi received the abbatial benediction. In 1904 Luigi Cardinal Macchi resigned his office as commendatory abbot, and Pius X retained the position for himself, order- ing the Acts of the Curia to bear the heading: "Pius X Abbas Sublacensis". The abbacy nullius com- prises 24 parishes, 91 priests (Benedictines, Francis- cans, Capuchins, and secular), and 23,000 inhabi- tants [Annuaire Pont. Eccl^a. (1911), 339). The episcopal functions are performed by Victor M. Cor- vaia, O.S.B., titular Bishop of Tripolis. The library and archives were once of great value. In Subiaco the German printers, Sweinheim and Pannartz, found a home and printed "Donatus pro parvulis", "Lactantius" (146.5), and "De Civitate Dei" (1467). To-day the printing press is doing valuable work; in 1908 appeared "Petri Boherii in Regulam S. Bene- dicti Commentarium nunc primum editum cura et studio P. AUodi".

Mann, Lives of the Popes (London, 1902), passim ; I Monasteri di Subjaco (Rome, 19(M); Annates O.S.B. (1909), 153; Lubin, Abbatia Italia: (Rome, 1893); Studien u. Miltheilungen aus dem Bened. u. Cist. Orden. XIX, 1S4; XXIV, 759; XXVIII, 236; Kunstdenhmdler jion Subjaco in Stimmen aus Maria Laach, XLIII, 337; Historisches Jahrbuch, XXIV. 20; Consuetudines Sublacenses in Kevue Blnldictine, XIX, 183.

Francis Mershman.

Subreption (Lat. suhrepiio), in canon law the concealment or suppression of statements or facts that according to law or usage should be expressed in an apphcation or petition for a rescript. In its effects subreption is equivalent to obreption (q. v.), which consists in a positive allegation of what is false. Subreption may be intentional and malicious, or attributable solely to ignorance or inadvertence. It may affect the primary, substantial reason or motive" of the grant, or constitute merely a secondary or impellent cause of the concession. For the effect of subreption on the vaUdity of grants see Rescripts.

Decretalia, I, 3, c. 20, De Rescriptis. and canonists generally.

A. B. Meehan.

Subsidies, Episcopal (Lat. siibsidia, tribute, pecu- niary aid, subvention); since the faithful are obliged to contribute to the support of religion, especially in their own diocese, a bishop may ask contributions for diocesan needs from his own subjects, and particu- larly from the clergy. These offerings as far as pos- sible should be voluntary, rather than taxes or assess- ments strictly so called. Of the contributions given to bishops, some are ordinary, made annually or at stated times; others are extraordinary, given as special cu-cumstances demand. Under ordinary subsidies are classed the cathedraHcum, a fixed sum given annually to the bishop from the income of the churches of the diocese, and which in the United States constitutes the chief revenue of bishops; cen- sus, or pensions, which a bishop may impose at times in accordance with the law; hospitality or procuration (procuralio, comeslio, circada, albergaria) extended to the bishop and his assistants canonically visiting the diocese; contributions (seminarisHtyum, alum- naiicum) for the support of diocesan seminaries, or for the education of ecclesiastical students; fees of the chancery office {jvs sigilli: see Taxa Innocen- tiana). In regard to the maintenance of students for the priesthood, in some dioceses of the United States an annual collection is niaile of the voluntary otTcrings of the people; in others an assessment is imposed on each ijarish. Chancery fees go to meet the expenses of the office; the surplus, if any, is employed in chari- tabl(! works, and not for the bishop personally. For- merly there too was a share falling to the bishop from legacies, bequests, etc. (quarta moHuaria, quarla fune-

Tum, quarta episcopalis, portio canonica), and likewise a portion of the tithes (quarla decimarum, quarta dec- imatio), which accrued to the churches of the diocese. The chief extraordinary tax, which a bishop may levy, is a charitable subsidy {subsidium carilalivum). This may be asked from all churches and benefices, secular or regular not exempt, and from clerics pos- sessing benefices, but not from lay persons. The fol- lowing conditions must be observed. There must be a reasonable and evident cause for the subsidy, as, for example, to meet the necessary expenses of the bishop's consecration, his visit ad limma, attendance at a general council, prosecuting the rights of the diocese, or for the general good of the diocese; this extraordinary tax, however, is permissible only when other means are wanting (S. C. C, 17 Feb., 1663); the exaction, though var3-ing according to the need in question, must be moderate, the amount be- ing determined chiefly by custom; the advice of the cathedral chapter or the diocesan consultors must be obtained; the poor are not to be taxed. In Italy it is only when taking formal possession of his see that a bishop is free to exact this tribute (Taxa Innocentiana, 8 Oct, 1678); on other occasions the consent of the Holy See is required. Although the subvention is asked in the name of charity, it is binding, and delin- quents may be compelled by ecclesiastical punish- ments to meet this obligation. Such a tax, if imposed for the benefit of the pope, is called Peter's pence. Patriarchs, primates, or metropolitans are not al- lowed such tribute from the dioceses of their suffragan bishops. Abbots and religious superiors, through privilege or custom, may exact a similar subsidy from their monasteries or communities for the evident good of their orders. The Third Plenary Council of Baltimore (n. 20) declares that a bishop, having con- sulted his diocesan advisers, must have recourse to Rome, if a new tax is to be imposed for the bishop beyond what is allowed in common law.

Decretalia Greg. IX, 1. III. tit. 39,DeCensibus. Exactionibus, et Procurationibus; Ertravagantes Communes, 1. Ill, tit. 10; manuals of canon law.

A. B. Meehan.

Substance (Lat. sub-stare, substariiia), the first of Aristotle's categories, signifies being as existing in and by itself, and serving as a subject or basis for accidents and accidental changes.

I. — Substance, being a genus supremum, cannot strictly be defined by an analysis into genus and spe- cific difference; yet a survey of the universe at large will enable us to form without difficulty an accurate idea of substance. Nothing is more evident than that things change. It is impossible for anything to be twice in absolutely the same state; on the other hand all the changes are not equally profound. Some ap- pear to be purely external: a piece of wood may be hot or cold, lying flat or upright, yet it is still wood; but if it be completely burnt so as to be transformed into ashes and gases, it is no longer wood; the specific, radical characteristics by which we describe wood have totally disappeared. Thus there are two kinds of changes: one affects the radical characteristics of things, and consequently determines the existence or non-existence of these things; the other in no way destroys these characteristics, and so, while modify- ing the thing, does not affect it fundamentally. It is neces.sary, therefore, to recognize in each thing cer- tain secondary realities (see Accident) and also a permanent ftmdamcutum which continues to exist notwithstanding the superficial changes, which serves as a basis or support for the secondary realities — what, in a word, we term the substance. Its funda- mental characteristic is to be in itself and by itself, and not in another subject as accidents are.

The Scholastics, who accepted Aristotle's defini- tion, also distinguished primary substance (substantia prima) from secondary substance (substantia secunda) :

II