Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 14.djvu/365

 SUAREZ

319

SUAREZ

T OF Maria-Trost,

diet of Toleration issued by the Emperor Joseph II 1781 put an end to the religious contest of more lan two hundred years. The Protestants then re- lived the right to found parish communities and to lercise their relisrion there undisturbed. On account ' the constitutions gained by the German people in US all the provinces of the Austrian Empire received )mpleti- liberty of religion and of conscience, parity ■ religions, and the right to the public e.\ercise of re- gion. As regards the present relation between Church and State, the Church and the schools, condi- tions are the same as in the other sections of Austria.

Ecclesiastic- ally the prov- itire is divided into t w o prince -bishop- rics, Seckau and Lavant. E\er since the lime of their f ci u n d a t i o n both have been siiflfragans o f the Archdio- cese of Salz- b u r g. The Prince-Bi.shop- ric of Sekau was established 1 1218; since 1786 the see of the prince-bishop as been Graz. The Prince-Bishopric of Lavant 'as founded as a bishopric in 1228, and rai.sed
 * ) a prince-bishopric in 1446; since 1847 Marburg

n the Drave has been the see of the prince- ishop. There are in the entire Duchy of Styria 6 deaneries and 551 parishes, altogether 1163 arochial districts, each district containing on an verage 1151 Catholics. Styria contains many old nd celebratiMl houses of the orders, as: the collegiate iiundation of the Reformed August inian Canons of orau (founded 1163); the Benedictine abbeys at idmont (1074); at St. Lambrecht (1066); at Seckau founded as a house of the Augustinian Canons in 140, suppressed in 1782, from 1883 a mon;istery, ince 1887 abbey of the Beurone.se Benedictines); he Cistercian abbey at Rein (1120); the Franciscan lonaslery at Graz (since 1515; founded in 1230 as a aona^tery of the Minorites), at Maria-Lankowitz 1456), at Maria-Nazareth (1632); the Minorite nonasterics at Graz (1526), and of St. Peter and Paul ,t Pettau (1239); the Capuchin monasteries at Cilli 1611), Leibnitz (1634), Hartberg(1654),andSchwan- lerg (1706) ; the collegiate foundations of the Redemp- orists at Mautern (dating from 1826; founded in 670 as a Franciscan monastery), and at Leoben 1844); the Trappist Abbey of IVIaria-Erlosung at leichenberg (1881; abbey since 1891), etc. There ,re also many houses of female orders and congrega- ions. The Catholic societies and confraternities ,re large and numerous.

Von MrcHAK, (leschichte des Herzogtuma Steiermark (8 vols., Sraz. 1844-67J: Gf.bler. Gesckichle des Herzoylums Steiermark Graz, 1862) ; Mater, Geschichte des Steiermark mit hesonderen lacksicht auf ilas KuUurhben (Oral, 1898): Cesar. Stoats und lirchengeachichte Steiermarks (7 vols., Grar, 1785-87); Steier- tark ID Die Osterreich-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild Vienna. 1890); Immen-dorfer, Landeskunde von Steiermark Vienna, 1903). HERMANN SaCHER.

Su&rez, Francisco, Doctor Eximius, a pious and
 * min<nt theologian, as Paul \' called him, b. at Gra-

lada. 5 Jan., 1548; d. at Lisbon, 25 Sept., 1617. He

entered the Society of Jesus at Salamanca, lb June, 1564; in that city he studied philosophy and theology from 1565 to 1570, and was ordained in 1572. He taught philosophy at Avila and at Segovia (1571), and later, Iheologv at .\viUi and Segovia (1575), Valladolid (1576), Rome (15S0-,S5), Alcahi (1585-92), Salamanca (1592-97), and Coimbra (1597-1616). All his biographers say that he was an excellent religious, practicing mortification, hiborious, modest, and given to prayer. He enjoyed such fame for wisdom that Gregory XIII attended his first lecture in Rome; Paul V invited him to refute the errors of King James of England, and wishe<l to retain him near his person, to profit by his knowledge: Philip II sent him to the University of Coimbra to give prestige to that institution, and when Suarez visited the University of Barcelona, the doctors of the uni- versity went out to meet him, with the insignia of their faculties. His writings are characterized by depth, penetration and clearness of expression, and they bear witness to their author's excei)tion:d knowl- edge of the Fathers, and of heretical as well as of ecclesiastical writers. Bossuet said that the writings of Suiirez contained the whole of Scholastic philoso- phy; Werner (Franz Suiirez, p. 90) affirms that if Suiirez be not the first theologian of his age, he is, beyond all doubt, among the first; Grotius (Ep. 1.54, J. Cordesio) recognizes in him one of the greatest of theologians and a profound philosojAer, and Mackin- tosh considers him one of the founders of international law.

In Scholasticism, he founded a school of his own, "Suarism", the chief characteristic princijilcs of which are: (1) the principle of in(li\ idualion by the proper concrete entity of beings; (2_) the pure potentiality of matter; (3) thesingular as the object of direct intellec- tual cognition; (4) a conceptual distinction !)etween the essence and the existence of creatcfl Ijcings; (5) the possibility of spiritual substances only numerically distinct from one another; (6) ambition for the hypos- tatic union as the sin of the fallen angels; (7) the Incarnation of the Word, even if Adam had not sinned ; (8) the solemnity of the vow only in eccle- siastical law; (9) the system of Congruism that modifies Molinism by the introduc- tion of subjective circumstances, as well as of place .and of time, pro- pitious to the ac- tion of efficacious grace, and with predestination ante pravisa mer- ila; (10) possibility of holding one and the same truth by both science and faith; (11) belief in Divine author- itj' contained in an act of faith; (12) production of the body and blood of Christ by fr.ansubslantiation as constituting the Eucharistic sacrifice; (13) the final grace of the Blessed Virgin Mary superior to that of the angels and saints combined.

"Sudrez classes" were established in several uni- versities — Valladolid, Salamanca (1720), Alcah'i (1734) — and various Scholastic authors wrote their works ad menlem Suarezii. Charles 111 suppressed those classes throughout his dominions by a royal decree