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STUDION

Streber resigned his parish, and settled in Wiirzburg. When Hergenrother was summoned as cardinal to Rome, Stretser moved to Bonn to be near Kaulen, the new editor, and performed notable services in per- fecting the "Nomenclator". He wrote many articles for the "Kirchenlexikon", the direction of which was for a time entirely in his hands. In 1892 illness forced him to withdraw to his brother's house at Tolz, where he hved in retirement until death.

I, s. v.; Kadlen in Kirchen-

MOIRA K. COYLE.

Streicher, Henrv. See Victoria Nyanza, Vica- riate Apostouc of Northern.

Strikes. See Labour Unions, Moral Aspects of.

Strossmayer, Joseph Georq (Josip Juraj), Bishop of Diakovdr, b. at Essegg in Croatia-Slavo- nia, 4 February, 1815; d. 8 April, 1905. He came from a family of German peasants who had immigrated into Croatia. After attending the gymnasium of his native town, he studied theology in the seminary at Diakovdr and the higher seminary at Budapest, where he oljtained the degree of Doctor of Philosophy when only twenty years of age. In 1838 he was ordained priest and was for two years vicar at Peter- wardcin. In 1840 he went to the Augustineum at Vienna; in 1842 obtained the degree of Doctor of Theology, and was then made professor at Diakovdr. In 1847 he became court chaplain, prefect in the Augustineum and professor of canon law at the University of \'ienna. On 18 November, 1849, he was appointed Bishop of Diakovdr, and was consecrated on 8 September, 1850. At the same time he was Apostolic Administrator of Belgrade- Semendria in Servia. In 1898 the pope conferred the paUium upon him. At the Vatican Council he was one of the most notable opponents of papal infallibility, and distinguished himself as a speaker. The pope praised Strossmayer's "remarkably good Latin". A speech in which he defended Protestants ism made a great sensation. Afterwards another speech, delivered apparently on 2 June, 1870, was imputed to him. It is full of heresies and denies not only infallibility but also the primacy of the pope. The forger is said to have been a former -■Vugustinian, a Slexican named Dr. Jose Agustin de Escudero. After the council Strossmayer main- tained his opposition longer than all the other bishops and kept up a connexion with DoUinger and Reinkens until October, 1871. Then he notified them that he intended to yield "at least outwardlj-''. Finally, on 26 December, 1872, he published the decrees of the council in his official paper. At a later date he repeatedly proclaimed his submission to the pope, as in his pastoral letter of 28 February, 1881, on Sts. Cyril and Methodius, expressing his devotion to the papal see at times in extravagant language.

In politics he was an active supporter of the Croatian national party and Panslavism. He exerted himself to advance his people in ci\'iUzation, yet he strengthened national hatreds by his political agitation. He used the large revenues of his diocese to found primary schools, a seminary, the academy for south- ern Slavs at Agram (1867), the university (1874j, and a picture gallery also at Agram. Under his direc- tion Augustin Theiner edited the "Vetera monumenta Slavorum meridionalium" (1863). During 186(>-S2 he built a fine and splendidly ornamented cathedral. He sought to win the S(•r^•ians who were not Uniats for Rome by the use of the Old Slavonic liturgy.

Smicikhs, Slroaamayer (A|?ram. 1900): Die lath. Kirche unscrer Zeil, ed. by the Leo Society, II (Berlin. 1900), 645-9; GRANDEnATH-KlRCH, Gcsch. dts vatikaniscfieri Komih, II, III (Freiburg, 1903-06), passim; Schdltk, Der Allkalholi!ismu3 (Gicasen, 1887). 251-264.

Klemens Loffler.

EIenry Benedict Stuart al of Yorlt. Titular Iving of Great Britain and Ireland

Stuart, Henry Benedict Maria Clement, cardinal, Duke of York, known by the Jacobites as Henry IX, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland; b. at Rome, 11 March, 1725; d. at Frascati, 13 July, 1807. He was the second son of James Francis Edward Stuart, the Chevalier de St. George, and Clementina, daughter of Prince James Sobieski. In 1745, when hopes of a Stuart restoration ran high, he vis- ited France, hop- ing to embark with French troops to the :is- sistance of liis brother Charles Edward. Haviiiii; spent several months at Dun- kirk without effect, he returned to Rome with the intention of en- tering the eccli'- siastical state. In 1747, at the age of twenty-two, he was created car- dinal, and during the following j-ear he received Holy orders, being ordained priest on 1 September. He was immediately made archpriest of the Vatican Basilica, and shortly afterwards cardinal camerlengo. In Nov., 1759, he w.os consecrated titular Archbishop of Corinth, and on 13 July, 1761, became Cardinal- Bishop of Frascati. Being sincerely pious and earnest, he proved a zealous administrator of his see, reform- ing the clergy, and founding a seminary which he endowed with a magnificent Ubrary. At the French Revolution he lost his French benefices, sacrificed many other resources to assist the pope, and finally was reduced to poverty by the seizure of his Frascati property by the French. Old and infirm, he fled to Padua and thence to Venice. King George III then came to his assistance, aiding him with a life- annuity till he was able to return to Frascati in 1800. In return for this kindness the cardinal bequeathed to the Prmce of Wales, afterwards George IV, the crown jewels of James II. In September, 1803, he became Bishop of Ostia and Velletri, and Dean of the Sacred College, though he still resided at Frascati. At his death the Stuart papers in his possession were bought by George IV for the Royal Library, and others are now in the British Museum. There are three pictures of him in the National Portrait Gallery, London, and one at Blairs College, Aberdeen. The cardinal Ues buried in St. Peter's at Rome, where Canova's monument preserves his memory.

VAUaHAN, The Lti.1t of the Royal Stiinrla (London, 1906) ; Kellt, Life of Henry Benedict Stuart, Carilinal Duke of York (London. 1S99); Wiseman, Recollections of the Last Four Popes (London, 1838); Jesse, The Pretenders and their Adherents (London, IS45); Mastrofini, Orazion^ per la morte di Enrico Cardinale Duca de York (Rome, 1807); Henderson in Diet. S'al. Biog., a. v. Henry Benedict Maria Clement: GiLLOW, Bibl. Diet. Eng. Cath.. s. V. Stuart, Henry Benedict Maria Clement.

Edwin Burton.

Stuart, Mary. See Mary Queen of Scots.

Studion (Studium), the most important monastery at Constantinople, situated not far from the Propontis ill tlif section of the city called Ps:uiiatlii:t. It was founded in 462 or 463 by the consul Studios (.'>tudius), a Roman who had .■icttled in ("onstantiiioplc. and was dedicated to St. John the Baptist. Its monks came from the monastery of Aeo-ineta'. .\t a hiter date the laws and custcnns of SliKiion were t:iken as models by the monks of Mount Atlios .and of m:uiy otlier niomis- tcries of the Byzantine Empire; even to-day they have