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 STRAIN

313

STRASBURG

fnigl. prtFmonstatenser Chorherren Stifiea Strahow (Prague, 163); Idem, Geschichte und Beschreibung des k6n\gl. Stift Stra- liver Bibliolhek (Prague, 185S); Brhnner, Ein Charherrenbuch VQrzburg and Vienna, ISS;}), 548-88; Hantich, Pragve (Paria id Prague, 1905), 62. 63; CermAk. PrfEmonntrati v Cechdch a I Moravi (Prague, 1877) ; Ekert, Postvdtnd mista krnl. hi. mlsta rahi/ (Prague. 1883), dldiclvt sv. Jana Nep., 116-44.

Jos. SiNKMAJER.

Strain, John, Archbishop of St. Andrews and dinburgh, b. at Edinburgh, 8 December, 1810; . there, 2 July, 1S83. Educated at Edinburgh High
 * hool, at Aquhortics Seminary, and at tlie Scots

ollege, Rome, he was ordained priest in 1833 and, 'ter work in Edinburgh and Dumfries, was appointed ) the mission of Dalbeattie, where he laboured for venty-three years. Transferred to Dumfries in 557, he w,a.s appointed in the following year presi- ?nt of Blairs College, Aberdeen; and on the death

■ Bishop Gillis in 18(54 he was nominated to succeed ira as vicar .\postolio of the eastern district, named ishop of Abila, and consecrated by Pius IX at the atican on 25 September. During his nineteen jars' episcopate he saw the number of clergy and lissions largely increased in his district; many new ^hools were opened, and several religious communi- es, both of men and women, introduced. The ishop laboured long and strenuously for the resto- ition of the regular hierarchy to Scotland; and it as gre.atly due to his effects that the restoration )ok place, under Leo XIII, in 1878. He became imself the first .\rchbishop of St. Andrews and dinburgh, and held his first diocesan synod in 1881. is death occurred whilst Catholic Scotland waa reparing to celebrate with befitting honour the slden jubilee of his ordination.

Catholic Directory for Scotland (1884), 169-80; The Tablet. XI (7 July, 1SS3), 26.

D. O. Hunteb-Blair.

Stransham, Edward, Venerable, English martyr, . at 0.\ford about 1554; sutTered at Tyburn, 21 Janu- •y, 1586. He was educated at St. John's College, xford, becoming B. A. in 157.5-6; arrived at Douai I 1577, and went with the college to Reims in 1578, hence he came back to England owing to illness. In 579, however, he returned to Reims, and was or- lined priest at Soissons in Dec, 1580. He left for ngland, 30 June, 1581, with his fellow-martyr, Nicho- s Woodfen, of London Diocese, ordained priest at eims, 25 March, 1581. In 1583 Stransham came ick to Reims with twelve Oxford converts. After ve months there he went to Paris, where he remained 50ut eighteen months at death's door from consump- on. He was arrested in Bishopgate Street Without, ondon, 17 July, 1585, while saying Mass, and was )ndemned at the next assizes for being a priest, letails of his career will be found in the article men- oned below.

WAlNEWRioHxin Downside Review (1911) s. v., and the author- ea there cited.

John B. Wainewright.

Straaburg, Diocese of (.\rgentinen.sis), a Ger- ccording to legend the Dioce.se of Strasburg was unded in the third or fourth century. St. Arbogast id Florentius were distinguished bishops of the si.xth
 * m diocese immcdi:itely dependent on the Papal See.

■ seventh century. The first bishop known to his- iry is Ansoald, one of the signers of the Acts of the ouncil of Paris of 614. His .successor Eddo or eddo, of the ducal family of Ettichos, organized his
 * cle.sia.stical diocese in conjunction with St. Boniface,

ded by the Carolovingians. The boundaries then ven remained essentially the s;ime throughout the [iddle Ages. On the left bank of the Rhine the dio- se extended over the present Province of Alsace ith exception of the south-eastern part between the 1, Blind, and Rhine; on the right bank it extended om the Rhine to the crest of the Black Forest, and

southward from the mouth of the Murg to the Elz. This territory was divided into seven archdiaconatea, of which one included Strasburg, and one the region on the right bank of the Rhine. This subdivision remained sub.stantially the same from the eleventh century to the French Revolution.

Charlemagne granted Bishop Heddo unlimited jurisdiction in the valley of the Breusch, and in 775 the bishop received freedom from customs duty throughout the empire for himself and his vassals (homines ecclesia:). By the Treaty of Verdun (843) the Diocese of Strasburg fell to the empire of Lothair; in 870 it became part of the east Prankish kingdom, later the Holy Roman Empire, so that the German character of the diocese was preserved. Both Lo- thair and Louis the German confirmed the privileges that their forefathers had granted to the Church of Strasburg. Bishops Udo (950-65) and Erchanbald (965-91) restored Church discipline which had fallen into decay at the beginning of the tenth century. Emperor Otto I granted Udo the ownership of the royal mint at Strasburg; Otto II (974) confirmed this gift and gave the bishop the right to establish a mint in any town of the diocese he desired. In 982 Otto II granted Erchanbald absolute jurisdiction over the city of Strasburg and its environs, thus forming the main foundation of the secular supremacy of the bishop. Werner I of Habsburg (1001-29) received from em- perors Henry II and Conrad II a large number of grants, including the old Abbey of St. Stephen with all its rights. A new cathedral, to replace the one de- stroyed in 1002 by Hermann of Swabia, was begun by Werner I in 1015 and dedicated in 1031. The bishop gave to the library of the minster numerous manu- scripts which he had collected in Italy. During the conflict of investitures the bishops generally sided with the imperial party: Werner II (1065-79)"; Theo- bald (1079-82), who took part in the election of the anti-jjope Clement II; and Otto of Hohenstaufen (1082-1100), who accompanied Godfrey of Bouillon on the First Crusade. Gebhard I (1131-41) and Burkhard I (1141-62) were zealous promoters of Church reform; during the episcopate of Berthold I of Teck (1223-44), about 1230, the new orders of Franciscans and Dominicans settled at Strasburg.

The city of Strasburg developed under episcopal administration, and in the twelfth century it pros- pered greatly. Its efforts to abolish episcopal su- zerainty and to obtain new privileges were espe- cially successful during the Conflict of Investitures. The town-council acquired great indei)endence and the right of co-optation, although the right of the bishop to appoint the council had been reconfirmed in 1214 by charter of Emperor Frederick II. At the beginning of his episcopate Walter of Geroldseck (1260-63) wished to enforce this right, to dispose of communal property, and to regulate the taxes. The populace, siding with the council and the patricians, defeated the episcopal forces at Hausberger, 8 March, 1262, thus practically establishing the independence of the city. The succeeding bishop, Henry of Gerold- seck (1263-73), made a treaty in 1263 by which at the close of the official year the council elected its own 8ucces.sors, and the citizens themselves had the right to settle all questions regarding communal prop- erty. The bishop retained only the right to appoint the town magistrate, the castellan of the ca.stle, the official in charge of the collection of the eu.stoms, and the superintendent of the mint. These offices, ex- cept that of magistrate, gradually sank in impor- tance, and the bishop no longer appointed the officials. Conrad of Lichtenberg (1273-99) completed the re- building in Gothic styleof the naveof the minster, and began the construction of the beautif\d west fagade. Bi.shops Johannes of Dirpheim (1306 2S), chancellor of King Albert II, and Berthold 11 of Bucheck (1328- 53) were both capable administrators, appointed by