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country and confiscation of goods. As late as 1858 six women who had returned to the Catholic Chiireh were expelled from the country. It was not until 1860 that a restricted religious liberty was granted in Sweden. Thus, for example, institutions and foun- dations of denominations not belonging to the State Church cannot hold real estate in the country without royal permission. Monasteries ar(^ forbidden. By the royal edict of 1910 the names of Catholics are to be entered in the Lutheran Church books by the Lutheran pastors of the State Church, and Catholics must apply to these pastors for theii' marriage certificates. D.^HLGREX, Stockholm, II (Stockholm, 189"), xxii, 95; Norden- SVAN, Maekirdraltiiingen (Stockholm, 189Q) ; Boken om Stockholm (Stockholm, 1901); Stalistisk Arsbok fdr Stockholms Stad&r 190S (Stockholm, 1910); Religious Liberty in Sweden in America, no. 102 (New York, 25 March, 1911). G. ArmFELT.

Stockl, Albert, neo-Scholastic philosopher and theologian, b. at Mohren, near Freuchthngen, in Middle Franconia, Bavaria, 15 March, 1823; d. at Eichstadt, 15 November, 1895. He received his classical educa- tion at the gymnasium at Eichstadt, studied philosophy and theology at the episcopal lyceum in the same city (1843-48), and was ordained priest 22 April, 1848. His first position was that of curate at the pilgrimage church at Wemding. In 1850, he was made instructor of philosophy at the episcopal lyceum at Eichstadt, and two years later was appointed professor of theo- retical philosophy in the same institution. He received the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (1855) from the University of Wiirzbui-g; and was transferred (1857) to the theological section of the Ij'ceum as [jrofessor of exegesis and Hebrew. In the autumn of 1862 he ac- cepted a call as professor of philosophy at the academy of Munster in Westphalia. The disagreeable divi- sions and discord which arose in this institution at the time of the Vatican Council led vStockl, in the summer of 1871, to resign his professorship and retm-n to the Diocese of Eichstadt as parish priest at Gimperts- hausen. On 7 March, 1872, he was installed as a cathedral canon at Eichstadt. At the same time he again became professor of practical philosophy, philos- ophy of religion, and pedagogy in the lyceum. In ad- dition to his labom's as a scholar Stockl also took an active part in political life. From 1878 to 1881 he was a member of the lower house of the Reichstag. Dur- ing the many years of his life spent in teaching, Stockl wrote a large number of text-books covering the entire field of philosophy which had a large circulation not only in Germany but also in other countries, including the United States of America. As one of its most distinguished representatives, he had an important share in the revival of Thomistic philosophy. Both as teacher and as author he was noted for simplicity, logical acumen, and lucidity.

Among his numerous writings the following should be mentioned particularly: "Liturgie und dogma- tische Bedeutung der alttestamentlichen Opfer" (Rat- isbon, 1848); "Die speculative Lehre vom Menschen und ihre Geschichte" (Wiirzburg, 2 vols., 1858-59); " Die Lehre der vomiciinischen Kirchenvater von der gottlichen Triuitat" (Eichstadt, ISOl, in the "Pro- gramm" of the lyceum); "Das Opfer nach seinem Wesen und nach seiner Geschichte" (Mainz, 1861); " Geschichte der Philosophic des Mittelaltcrs " (3 vols., Mainz, 1864-66); "Lehrbuch dor Philosophic" (Mainz, 1868; 7th ed., 3 vols., 1892; 8th ed., revised by G. Wohlmuth, 190,5 — ); "Lehrbuch der Geschichte der Philosophic" (Mainz, 1870; 3rd ed., 2 vols., 1888; tr. "Handbook of the History of Philo.sophy ", bv T. A. Finlay, S..I., Dublin, 1887)"; "Die Infallibilitat" des Oborhaiiptes der Kirche und die Zustimmungsadres- scn an Hcrrn von DiiUingcr" (Minister, 1S70; 2nd ed.. 1870); "Grundriss der Acsthctik" (Mainz, 1871; 3rd ed., 1889, under the title, " Lehrbuch der Aesthetik"); "Grundriss der Religionsphilosophio" (Mainz, 1872; 2nd ed., 1878); "Lehrbuch der Piidagogik" (Mainz,

1873; 2nd ed., 1880); "Lehrbuch der Geschichte der Padagiogik" (Mainz, 1876); "Der Materialismus ge- priift in seinen Lehrsatzen und deren Consequenzen " (Mainz, 1877); " Das Christenthum und die grossen Fragen der Gegenwart auf dem Gcbiete des geistigen, sit t lichen und socialen Lebcns. Apologetisch-phi- lii.sii])hisrhc und .socialpolitische Studien" (3 vols., Mainz, 1S79-,S0) ; " Geschichte der neueren Philosophie I'on Baco und Cartesius bis zur Gegenwart" (2 vols., Mainz, 1883); "Das Christenthum und die modernen Irrthiimer. Apologetisch-philosophische Medita- tionen" (Mainz, 1886); "Geschichte der christhchen PhilosophiezurZeit der Kirchenvater" (Mainz, 1891); "GrundzUge der Philo.sophie " (Mainz, 1892; 2nd ed., edited by Ehrenfried, 1910) ; " Grundriss derGeschichte der Philosophie" (Mainz, 1894); "Lehrbuch der Apologetik" (2 pts., Mainz, 1895). Stockl contributed numerous papers on apologetic, philosophico-historical, and pedagogical subjects to the periodical press, espe- cially to " Der Katholik". He also viTote a large num- ber of articles for the second edition of the "Kirchen- lexikon", and several of the longer articles for the " Staatslexikon der Gorres-Gesellschaft".

[Pemsel], Dr. Albert Stiickl, DomkapUular und Lycealpro/essor ill Eichstdtt. Eine Lebensskizze verfasst von einem seiner Schiiler (Mainz. 1S9), with portrait; Pruner, Dr. Albert Stockl in Der Katholik, I (1S96). 1-11; Romstock, Personalstatistik u. Bihliogr. des Lyceums in Eichstdtt (Ingolstadt, 1894), 157-62.

Friedrich Lauchert.

Stoddard, Charle.s Warren, American author, b. 7 August, 1843, at Rochester, N. Y.; d. 23 April, 1909, at Monterey, California. He was descended in a direct hue from Anthonj' Stoddard of England, who settled at Boston, Mass., in 1639. While he was still a child his parents moved to New York City, where they lived till 1855, when the\- migrated to San Fran- cisco, California. In 1857 he returned alone to New York, lived with his grandparents for two years, and then rejoined his family in San Francisco. In a short time he began writing verses, which he sent anony- mously to a local newspaper. They met with great success and were later published with the modest title "Poems b\' Charles W.orren Stoddard". Poor health compelled him to give up his plans for a college education. He tried the stage, but soon reahzed that such a life was not his calling. In 1864 he visited the South Sea Islands and from there WTOte his "Idyls" — letters which he sent to a friend who had them pubhshed in book form. "They are, " as Mr. Howells says, "the lightest, sweetest, wildest, freshest things that were ever WTitten about the life of that summer ocean." He made four other trips to the South Sea Islands, and gave his impressions in "Lazy Letters from Low Latitudes" and "The Island of Tranquil DeUghts". Several times he visited Molokai, and became well acquainted with Father Damien, the Apostle to the Lepers, and wrote his interesting little book, "The Lepers of Molokai", which, with Steveii- .son's famous letter, did much to establish Father Damien's true position in public esteem. In 1867. soon after his first visit to the South Sea Islands, he was received into the Catholic Church, for which he had a most tender devotion. The story of his con- version he has told in a small book interestingly written: "A Troubled Heai-t and How it was Com- forted". Of this book ho has said : "Here you have my inner hfe all laid bare." To this change in his reli- gious belief are due in great measure tho.se genial opt i- mistic qualities that endeared him to all who knew him.

In 1873 he started on a long tour as special corre- spondent of the "San Francisco Chronicle". His commission was a roving one, without restriction.s of any kind. He was absent for five years, during which lie' travelled over Euro|)o and went as far east as Palestine and Egypt. He sent considerable matter to his newspaper, much of which was never reprinted, though some of it was among his best work. In 1885,