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STOCKHOLM

tries that have entered into a concordat, or treaty, with the Holy See for the support of the clergy. This support is in recompense, far inadequate indeed, for the se<iuestration of ecclesiastical funds and property. Austria, Spain, Italy, and certain countries of Central and South America thus directly support the clergy, paying salaries to bishops, vicars-general, pastors, and assistants. France and Portugal, as well as Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippines, when under Spanish rule, did the same.

Since the time of Constantine the right of the Church to posse.ss temporal goods has been universally acknowledged and protected by civil governments with some exce])tions. These exceptions refer chiefly to bequests and legacies. The possessioii by the Church of temporal goods and the surrendering of the same to the clergy for their sustenance gave rise to benefices, the fruits or income of which constitute the chief provision for the maintenance of the clergy pos- sessing them. The fruits of a benefice will maintain the incumbent, even though he have private means of support. He should have not only what is necessary for siistenance, but sufficient for fitting recreation and hospitality, and a modest portion for future contin- gencies: he may also assist near relatives to some ex- tent. If anything remain, it is to be used in chari- table works. Ecclesiastical goods are not to be be- queathed in any considerable quantity to profane pvirposes. There are other methods in vogue for the support of the clergy akin to, or divisions of, those mentioned: voluntary offerings, tithes, quasi-con- tracts, state aid, and benefices. Stipends for the appli- cation of Masses were originally intended for the daily maintenance of the celebrant. (For treatment of the Mass-stipend see Mass, Sacrifice of the.) It is in t his lat ter sense that the word is mostlj' used at present, tlioufih it occasionally designates certain allowances made from ecclesi:istical foundations in favour of stu- dents seeking a more special or more profound train- ing in the arts or sciences. (See Benefice; Endow- ment; Tithes.)

Andrew B. Meehan.

Stockholm, the capital of the Kingdom of Sweden, is situated on Lake Maelar at the spot where it o)iens into the Saltsjo, a rocky bay of the Baltic 59° 20' N. lat. The city, through which flows the short but fine river the Norrstnim, is built partly on islands, partly on heights, on both banks of the river, from which there is a view over Maelar and the Saltsjo. It is claimed that Stockholm was founded by Birger Jarl (d. 12l')t")), and the coat of arms of the citj' still bears the picture of King St. Eric (d. 1160). The city has a population of 341,986 and is the court residence of the king and the seat of the government, of the dip- lomatic corps, and of the vicar Apostolic. The en- trance to Stockholm is defended by the fortresses Oscar Fredriks Borg and Waxholm. It is the seat of the chief military authorities of the fourth and fifth military districts, including artillery, cavalry, infan- tr>', and transport, and is a station of the fleet. As the capital it is the seat of the central administration of the kingdom, and contains the supreme court, the Svea upper court, the national royal bank, the jnint, and exchange. As regards administration the city of Stockholm forms a separate district, which is ruled by a governor and is distinct from the Province of Stockholm (Stockholms liin). The city has burgo- masters, magistrates, and a common council of one hundred members. The importance of the city in rcg.ird to commerce, manufactures, and shipping is shown by the following statistics of the year 1908: value of imports, 1.57,966,681 kronen; value of exports, 4.5,934 ,.890 kronen; factories, 7.32, with 29,948 work- men and an output of the v.alue of 166,.540,07.5 kronen. The shipping trade of the city is carried on by 249 ships of 124,037 tons. The vessels

over ten tons which call at the port of Stockholm number 36,338.

Schools of higher learning in Stockholm are the Hogskola, a free college founded in 1878, the Caroline medico-surgical institute, founded in 1815, the mili- tary academy, the academy for the artillery and en- gineering corps, the academy for music (1771), the academy of fine arts (1773), the technical high school, and the commercial high school. The learned socie- ties are the Swedish Academy, with eighteen members, founded by Gustavus III in 1786; the Academy of Sciences, founded in 1739; the Nobel Institute, which h.as an endowment of over thirty million kronen; the Royal Library, containing over 300,000 volumes; and the observatory. The most important public build- ings are the royal castle, built in the Renaissance style, one of the finest works of the celebrated Swedish archi- tect Count Nicodemus Tessin the Younger (d. 1728); the Parliament building; the House of the Swedish Nobility, where the council of nobles formerly met, built in the Renaissance style of 1661; the royal opera house and royal theatre; the national museum, with picture and sculpture galleries; the Northern Museum, with collections to illustrate the ethnography and de- velopment in civilization of the Scandinavian peoples; the Skansen, a large open-air museum and zoological garden. The Northern Museum and the Skansen were founded by Dr. A. Hazelius (d. 1901). The chief public statues are those of Birger Jarl, Gustavus Vasa, Gustavus II Adolphus, Charles XII, and Charles XIII, both of these la,st mentioned statues being in the "Kungstradgilrden", Gustavus III, Charles XIV, a statue of Linna;us in a park bearing his name, and one of Berzelius.

Stockholm has very few buildings belonging to the Middle Ages, as the finest of this era, the monasteries and churches, were either disfigured or torn down at the introduction of the Reformation. Thus, for ex- ample, Gustavus Vasa had the churches of St. Mary Magdalen, St. Clara, and St. Jacob torn down; after his death they were rebuilt in the style of a later pe- riod. This king .also caused the choir of the Church of St. Nicholas (Storkyrkan) to be shortened. This church, founded about 1260, is one of the finest monu- ments still in existence of the Catholic period of Stock- holm. The Riddarholm church, originally the church of a Franciscan monastery, is the burial place of the Swedish kings. The Protestant church buildings of Stockholm belong to a large number of different Prot- estant denominations. The State Church is Lutheran; among the other denominations reiircscnted are: the followers of Waldenstrom, Baptists, Methodists, Ir- vingites, Adventists, the Salvation Army, Mormons, etc. Many of the adherents of these sects have not withdrawn officially from the State Church.

There are in Stockholm about l.SOO Catholics, for whom there are two Catholic churches, that of St. Flugenia, in Norra Smedjegatan, and that of St. Eric, in Ciotgatan. The Catholic cemetery has a chapel called St. Joseph's. The vicar Ajiostolic for Sweden lives at St. Eric's; the present vicar Apostolic is Dr. A. Bitter, titular Bishop of Doliche. Catholic ele- mentary schools are connected with both churches. A higher school for girls is under the care of the French Sisters of St. Joseph. The Sisters of St. Elizabeth devote themselves to the care of the sick and have .also charge of two asylums, Oscars Minne and Jozefinahe- met. It was not until recent times that the two Catholic churches of Stockholm were built, St. Eu- genia in 1837 and St. l'>ic in 1892, and schools estab- lished. From the introduction of the Reform.ation to the edict of toleration issued by Gustavus III in 1781 public Catholic worship was forbidden. Mass could be said only in the private chapels of the foreign am- bassadors at Stockholm, and attentlance at these ser- vices was forbidden to Lutherans under severe penal- ties. Conversion was punished by expulsion from the