Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 14.djvu/335

 STEPHEN

291

STEPHENS

irly in 1140. Of his younger days nothing is known tcept that he was the son of Gaucerannus, lord of ange, and the uncle of Humbert, Archbishop of j-ons. He appears in history (1112) as Bishop of utun. As such he was present (1115) at a sjniod of burnus. A letter is in existence of the year 1116, rittcn to him from the Lateran by Piiscal II in which le pope places the Diocese of Autun under his special roteetion and confirms to Stephen various privileges, a 1129 Stephen was among the prelates who assisted t the coronation of Philip, eldest son of Louis VI of ranee. He built a cathedral, beginning in 1120, hich was solemnly consecrated (1131) by Pope inocent II. He always showed a great admiration ir the religious state, and in 1136 resigned his sec ad entered the monasterj' of Cluny. The abbot, eter the Venerable, under whom he entered and died, ves great praise to his learning and piety. His Tractatus de Sacramento Altaris ", printed, together ith some other documents relating to Stephen, in . L., CLXXII, 1371, is an ascetico-liturgical eatise, consisting of twenty chapters and a preface, I which he speaks of the ordination and duties of ich of the Minor and Major Orders; and of the Holy icrifice of the Mass and gives a literal and allegorical cplanation of the Canon. He is one of the earliest riters using the term transubstantiation. This oatise, pubhshed in 1517 by Montalon, canon of utun, was ascribed by some to Stephen II of Autun 1. 11.S9), but is \'indicated for the earlier bishoD by [abillon, "AnnalesO. S. B.", VI, 270.

HcRTER. Xomend.. II (Innsbruck. 1906). 75: Gallia Christiana. -■, 3S9; Ddcbesne, Pastes Episc. I, 339; Hist. Lilt, tie la France, I (Paris. 1759), 710; Ceiluer, Auteurs .Sacres. XIV (Paris,

.63), 304. Francis Mershman.

Stephen of Bourbon, illustrious writer and [■lachcr, especially noted as a historian of medie- tl hiTcsies, b. at Belleville (Archdiocese of Lyons) )wards the end of the twelfth century ; d. in 261. Having received his early education from le cathedral clergy of Macon, he made his higher udies in Paris, about 1220, and there shortly terwards, as it seems, he entered the Order of reachers. From 1230 he was very active for lany years as preacher and inquisitor in the di.s- ictsof Lyonnais, Burgundy, Franche-Comte, Savoy, hampagne, Lorraine, Auvergne, Languedoc, and oussillon. In his work for preachers entitled "De ■ptem donis Spiritus Sancti", or "Tractatus de iversis Materiis pnedicabiUbus", Stephen h;is em- Ddi<Mi much useful matter out of the many years of is practical experience. The parts of this work more iluable at the present day were published in Paris in ^77 by .\. l/'coy de la Marche under the title "An- idotes historiques, legendes et apologues, tir^s du ■cueil in(5dit d'Etienne de Bourbon dominicain du 13'' ecle". Considered as a whole Stephen's work affords a ear insight into the different sects and supersti- ons of the age, while gi\ang at the same time valu- t\p information regarding the most prominent of his jntemporarics. .although credulous to a marked pgi'ee, Stephen was, nevertheless, a strenuous oppo- !>nt of superstition. A free use of his writings Wiis lade by a later compiler to form a "Speculimi Mor- e", which for a long time was falsely ascribed to incent of Beauvais.

ErHARD. .^rripl. ord. prod., I, 184 sq.: HtTRTEB. NammcUltoT. II nnshriick, 1900), 375: Lecot de l-v Marche. Introd. to work t«d alx>ve; Haureau in Journal deji savanl.f. 1S>*1, 591 sq.. 19 8q.; MOller, Die WaUenser (Gotba, 1886). 166 sq.

Charles J. CALi,A>f.

Stephen of Muret, SAT>fT, b. 1045; d. at Muret, Fil>ru:iry. 1124, founder of the Abbey and Order of r:indmont (ri. v.). .Serious chronological difficulties re presented Dv the traditional story of his early life, hich runs .as follows: Stephen in his twelfth year ccompanied his father, the Viscount of Thiers, to

Italy where he was left to be educated by Milo, Archbishop of Benevento; after passing twelve years in this ])relate's household, he became the inmate of a Benedictine monastery in Calabria, but never re- ceived the habit. He then returned to France to bid farewell to his parents, having formed the design of entering religion, but, finding them dead, returned to Italy. HLs patron Milo having also died, he estab- lished himself at Rome, where he studied the rules of the religious houses of the city. After a four years' sojourn he obtained a Bull from Gregory VII author- izing him to found an institute resembling that of the solitaries he had frequented in Calabria, and returned to France. He is said to have settled at Muret in 1076. This story is impossible; his father visited Italy in order to make a pilgrimage to St. Nicholas at Bari; but St. Nicholas's relics were not placed there till some years later; Milo was not Archbishop of Benevento for twelve years. These arc not the only difficulties, but for a discussion of these chronological questions see Martene, " Amplissima Collectio", VI, pra^f., viii sq. The exact truth as to St. Stephen's life cannot now be established. He went to Italy and there saw some religious whose holy life inspired him with a desire to imitate them, but who they were, Carthusians or Benedictines, we do not know. The quarrel as to what great order could claim Grand- mont as its offspring, with the consetjuent forgeries, has done much to involve the founder's life in ob- scurity. Though Stephen was certainly the founder of the Order of Grandmont, he did littk' for his dis- ciples except offer them the examjjle of his holy life, and it was not till after his death that the order was firmly established. His head is preserved in the parish Church of St. Sylvcstre, Canton of Lauriere (Haute Vienne). He was canonized in 1189 and his feast occurs on 8 Februarj'. His works (not authentic) may be found in Migne, P. L., CCIV, 997-1162.

Ada SS.. Feb., II, 199 sq.; MartJ;ne, Amplissima Coll., VI (1729);Chevauer, Biobibliographie, 1378.

Raymund Webster.

Stephen of Tournai, canonist, b. at Orleans, 1128; d. at Tournai, .September, 1203. He entered the Order of the Canons Regular at Saint-Euverte in Orleans about 1150, then studied canon and Roman law at Bologna, returning to his monastery in 11(30. He was elected abbot of .Saint-Euverte in 1167 and of Sainte- Genevieve at Paris in 1177. The latter monastery he almost entirely rebuilt, establishing a monastic school in connexion with it. In 1192 he became Bishop of Tournai, but was greatly hampered in the exer- cise of his episcopal functions by the opposition of the people as well as by the interdict placed on France on account of the divorce proceedings of Philip II. He is the author of "Summa in decretum Gratiani" (11.59), which is to a great extent based on the similar works of Paucapalea, Rufinus, and Ilolandus (Alexan- der III). It was first edited by Schulte (Giessen, 1891). His letters, edited bv Molinet (Paris, 1079), are printed in P. L., CXI, ;i09-625.

nKRNOis. Elienne de Tournai, 1128-1 gOS (Orl6an.s, 1906); .SrHi'i.TK in the introduction to his edition of the Summa; Wautehs in Biog. belgique, VI (Brussels, 1878). 719-25.

Michael Ott.

Stephens, Henry Robert, Belgian theologian, b. of English parent.age at Liege, 5 .August, 1665; d. there, 15 June, 1623. He entered the Society of Jesus, 7 .Sept., 1683, and for over twenty years Wivs attached to the episcopal seminary of Lie'ge, first aa professor of dogmatic theology am! later as its supe- rior. During this period the Jansenists were active in Belgium, both in attacking the Jesuits and in opposing the p:ip:d Decrees condemnatory of Jansenism. All of Father Stephens's published works were occiisioned by these .attacks. In a libellous work entitled "Speci- men doctrina» a Jesuitis in .Seminario Leodiensi tr.iditiE " the Jesuits were accused, among other things.