Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 14.djvu/327

 STAUPITZ

283

STEDINGERS

ur Thcologie" (21 vols., Freiburg im Br., 1839-49). ioih periodicals came into existence chiefly through lis efforts and attained high scholarly reputation argelv through his contributions.

LArcHERT. Fran: Anlm, Slawlenmaier. 1800-1856. in seinem .ehm und Wirken dargestdlt (Freiburg im Br., 1901), with por- rait.

Friedrich Lauchert.

Staupitz, JoH.\NN VON, Abbot, b. at Motter- litz near Leisnig (or Moderwitz near Meustadt an ler Orla) about 1460; d. at Salzburg, 28 Dec, 1524. le was descended from an ancient family of Saxony, tudied at Leipzig, and was matriculated in 1485. le later joined the Augustinian Order, prob- ,bly at Munich, and in 1497 moved to Tubingen, there in 1498 he became prior and in 1500 Doctor of rheology. He was subsequently prior at Munich, .nd in 1503 was elected Vicar-General of the German !^ongregat ion of Augustinians and summoned as pro- es.sor to the new University of Wittenberg, in which le was the first dean of the theological faculty. In 512 he resigned his professorship, and moved to loufh Germany, where he thenceforth resided (at .lunich, Nuremberg, and Salzburg), except for some ourneys to the Netherlands and Belgium. He re- igned the office of vicar-general in 1520, received a dispensation to join the Benedictines in 1522, and inally became Abbot of St. Peter's, Salzburg. On a our of visitation he had become acquainted with iUther in the monastery at Erfurt, and had consoled he emaciated brother, who was torturing himself I'ith his sinfulness, by speaking to liim of the sin- emitting grace of God and man's redemption in the ilood of Christ. For this Luther remained always rateful. In 1518 he was deputed by the promagister f the order to remonstrate with the heretic Luther, .uther remained obstinate and through Staupitz sent n ex[>lanation of his theses on indulgences to Rome. 'his circumstance has led some to include Staupitz mong Luther's followers. In reality his attitude was esitating — being partly suspicious and anxious, and artly encouraging and confirmatorj' — because he I ill believed that it was only a question of a protest gainst ecclesia-stical abuses. By releasing Luther ■om obedience to the order, he separated its fate from hat of Luther, but also gave the latter freedom of ction. In 1520 revocation and abjuration were de- landed of Staupitz; he hesitated at first, because here was no need to revoke what he had never as- jrted, but finally declared that he recognized the ope as his judge. Luther saw in this declaration a efection. However, Staupitz was no Lutheran but lioroughly Catholic in matters of faith (especially as
 * !gards the freedom of the will, the meritoriousness of

ood works, and justification). This has been estab- shed by Paulus from the writings of Staupitz.

KoLDE, Die deutsche Augw*tinerkongregation u. Staupitz jotha, 1879); Keller, Johann c. Staupitz u. die Anfange der eformntion (Leipzig, 1888); Paulus, Johann v. Staupitz. Seine trgebhch protestantischen Gesinnungen in Histor. Jahrb. der G6t- ■sgexcUschaft, XII (1891), 309-46.

Klemens Loffler.

Stauropolis, a titular metropoUtan see of the Prov- ice of Caria. The city, founded by the Leleges, w;i8 t first called Megalopolis, then Ninoe, and finally .phrodisiaa. The legend which in explanation of the ame Ninoe attributes its foundation to Ninus only roves that the town is very ancient. Built at the >ot of Mount Cadmus and watered by numerous ]urces, Aphrodisias had a celebrated temple of .phrodite which secured for it from the Roman em- erors, especially from Ctesar, the privilege of a free ity and the right of a.sylum. Apollonius, the his- srian of Caria, w.as bom there, as was .•\lexander, the ommentator of .Aristotle in the second century of our ra. The name .\phrodisias is still u.sed by the " Ilier- cles Synerriemus", by Novel clx of .lustinian, and gures in the signatures of the Fifth (Ecumenical

Council in 553. That of Stauropolis appears for the first time about 640 in the "Ecthesis' of pseudo- Epiphanius (Gelzer, "Ungedruckte . . . Texte der Notitiaeepiscopatuum", 534). The name Tauropolis, said to have been borne by the town prior to that of Stauropolis, is an error of several scholars (Revue des Etudes grecques, XIX, 228-30).

Le Quien (Oriens christ., I, 899-904) mentions twenty bishops of this see, among whom were Ammo- nius at Nic^ea in 325, Eumenius at Constantinople in 381, Cyrus at Ephesus in 431, Critonianus at Chalce- don in 451, Severianus at Con.stantinople in 553, Ephraem of Caria, a liturgical poet, etc. Another was Theopropios, mentioned by an inscription (Revue des etudes grecques, XIX, 298). In the seventh century Stauropolis had twenty-eight suffragan bish- ops and twenty-six at the beginning of the tenth cen- tury. Between 1356 and 1361 the see must have been abandoned by the metropolitan, but the title was long retained and he was given the revenues of other churches (Waechter, "Der Verfall des Griechentums in Kleinasien im XIV. Jahrhundert", Leipzig, 1903, 34-7). Isaias of Stauropohs attended the Council of Florence (1439) and fled to avoid signing the decree of union. Excavations begun in 1904 at Ghere, the modern name of Stauropolis in the caza of Echme and the sanjak of Saroukhan, have brought to light the thermw, the temple of Aphrodite dating from the sec- ond century after Christ, and the stadium. A part of the walls, which date from the fourth century of our era, is preserved.

Smith, Did. of Gr. and Rom. Geog., s. v. Aphrodisias; Paton in Journal of Hellenic Studies, XX (London), 73 sq.; Texier, Asie Mineure (Paris, 1862), 642-7; Laborde, Voyaiie en Asie Mineure (Paris, 1837-8), 95-100; Waddinoton. Vogaye archio- logique: Asie Mineure, 589-96, 1585-1650; Liermann, Analecla epigraphica et agonistica in Dissertationes Phil. Haleiu^es, X (Halle); Idem in Bericht des deutschen Hochstifles zu Frankfort am Main (Frankfort, 1892), 364-91; Kubicek in Monatsbldller des Wissensch. Clubs in Wien, XXI (Vienna), 2; Colliqnon in Rerue de I'art ancien et moderne (Paris, 10 Jan., 1906), 33-50; Idem in Academie des Inscriptions (Paris, 1904), 703 sq. ; Mendel, op. cil (Paris, 1906), 158-84; Reinach, Inscriptions d'Aphro- disias in Revue des itudes grecques, XIX (Paris), 79-150, 205-98.

S. Vailh£. Stedingers (a word meaning those living along a shore), a tribe of Frisian peasants in Northern Ger- many who revolted against their lord, the .-Xrchbishop of Bremen, and had to be subdued by arms. The Stedingers refused to pay tithes and to perform forced labour as serfs. These duties were demanded of them with considerable severity, and Archbishop Gerhard II of Bremen (1219-58) sent troops against them. His army, however, was defeated in 1229, whereupon the Stedingers destroyed churches and monasteries, and ill-treated and killed priests. A synod held at Bremen, 17 March, 1230, accused them, in addition to the acts of violence above-mentioned, of contempt for the authority of the Church and for the sacraments, as well as of superstitious practices; it .'ilso excommunicated them. The Stedingers refused to submit, and Gregory IX commissioned the Bishop of Liibeck and the Dominicans to labour among them for the extirpation of unbelief. The Emperor Fred- erick II placed the rebels under the ban of the em- pire, and on 9 Oct., 1232, Gregory IX issued a Bull commanding the Bishops of Liibeck, Mindcn, and Ratzeburg to preach a crusade against them. An army was collected and advanced against the Sted- ingers, but it w.as defeated in the winter of 12.32-33. A new crusading army defeated a p;irt f)f the tribe, but the other part was once more victorious. The pope now issued another Bull, addressed to several bishops of Northern Germany, commanding a fresh crusade, and on 27 May, 12,34, the Stedingers were completely defe;ited near Bremen. The majority of them now submitted; on 24 .\ugusf, 1236, Gregory IX commanded that they shoulil lie relieved from excommunication after performing penance and satis- faction, and should be received again in the Church.