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in the Spoletan and Beneventan districts, in Calabria, in Tuscany, and in Corsica. Charlemagne, however, in his character as "Patricius", wanted to be considered as the highest court of appeal in criminal eases in the States of the Church. He promised on the other hand to protect freedom of choice in the election of the pope, and renewed the alliance of friendship that had been previously made between Pepin and Stephen II.

The agreement between Charlemagne and Adrian remained imdisturbed. In 787 Charlemagne still fur- ther enlarged t he St at es of the Church by new donations. Capua and a few other frontier cities of the Duchy of Benevento, besides several cities in Lombardy, Tuscany, Populonia, Roselle, Sovana, Toscanella, Viterbo, Bagnorea, Orvieto, Ferento, Orchia, Marta, and lastly Citta di Castello appear to have been added at that time. All of this, of course, is based upon painstaking deductions, since no document has come down to us either from the time of Charlemagne or from that of Pepin. Adrian in these negotiations proved himself no mean pohtician, and is justly ranked with Stephen II as the second founder of the States of the Church. His arrangements with Charle- magne remained authoritative for the relations of the later popes with the Carlovingians and the German emperors. These relat ions were given a briUiant out- ward expression by Charlemagne's coronation as em- peror in 800.

Chisf Sources. — Duchesne, Liber Ponlificalis, I (Paris. 1SS6) ; GuNDLACH. Mon. Germ. Epislotw, III: Codex Carolinus (Han- over, 1892). LlTER-^TURE. — Fabre, De patrimonii^ Romance ecdciiiT usque ad tetatem Carolinorum (Lille, 1892) ; Grisar, Ein Rundgang durch die Patrimonien des hi, Stuhtes um 600 and Vcr- waltung u. Hau^halt der p&psll. Patrimonien um 600 in Zeitschr. fur kalh. Theol.. I (1877); Idem, Gesch. Roms u. der PSpste im M. A., I (Freiburg. 1901); Schwarzlose, Die Patrimonien der rom. Kirehe bis zur Enistehung dee Kirchenstaates (Berlin, I8S7); Idem, Die Verwallung u. finamieUe Bedeuiung der Patrimonien in Zeit^chr. fur Kirchengesch., XI (1890); MoMMSEN, Die Bewirt- schaftung der Kirckengutcr unter P. Gregor I in Zeitschr, fur Sozial-u. Wirtschaftsgesch., I (1893); Armbrust, Die territoriale Politik der Papsle ton SOO-SOO (Gottingen, 1885); Ficker, Forschungen zur Reichs- u. Rechisgesch. Italiens, II (Innsbruck, 1869); Hamel, Untersuchungen zur dlteren Territorialgesch. den Kirchenstaates (Gottingen, 1899); Hartmann, GeJich. Italiens, II (Leipzig. 1900 sfiq.) ; Oelsn'ER, Jahrbucher des frdnkischen Reiches unter Pippin (Leipzig, 1871) ; Abel and Simson, Jahrbucher dee frdnkischen Reiches unter Karl. d. Gr., I (2nd ed., Leipzig, 1888); DlEHL. Etudes sur r administration byzantine dans I't^archat de Ravenne (Paris, 1888); Duchesne. Les premiers temps de I'etat pontifical (2nd ed., Paris, 1904); Scheffer- BoicHOasT, Pippins u. Karls d. Gr. Schenkungsversprechen in Milleil. des Instituts far tistcrr. Geschichtsforschung, V (1884); Martens, Die rSmitche Frage unter Pippin u. Karl d. Gr. (Stutt- gart, ISSi): Idem, Beleuchtung der neuesten Controrersen uber die rom. Frage unter Pippin u. Karl d. Gr. (Munich, 1898) ; Brunengo. Le origini delta soveranita temporale dei papi (3rd ed., Prato. 1.S89); Idem, II Patriziato Romano di Carlomagno (Prato, 1893) ; Lamprecht, Die romische Frage von Konig Pippin bis auf Kaiser Ludwig den Frommen (Leipzig, 1889); Lindner, Dir ^nrjfnnnntrn Schenkungen Pippins, Karls d. Gr. Ottos an die p.. . /. <,..,, ^.^j-l^ 1896): Gv^GLACa, Die Entstehung des Kirchen-

huriaU Begriff der Respublica Romanorum (Breslau, . Die sogen. Karolingische Schenkung von 774 in

,.. LXX (1893); Idem, Ueber die Chronologic der

,',,' i Pauls I in Xachrichlen der Gdttinger Geselischaft

Ckivellccci, Delle origini delio stato Pontif. in Studi

X-XII (Rome, 1901-03): Schitorer. Die Entstehung

f^irrhenstaates (Cologne, 1894); Ital. tr. by Mercati,

...n.jmedello stato delta chiesa (Siena, 1899); Idem and Uuvi,

ZJOvH Fragmentum Fantuzzianum (Fribourg, 1906); Idem, Zum

Streit um das Fragmentum Fantuzzianum in Histor. Jahrbuch

der GdrresgcselhcJiaft, XXIX (1908).

II. St.\tes of the Church. — (1) The Period of the Carhringian Emperors. — The States of the Church founded by the Carlovingians were the security for the friendly alliance between the papacy and the em- pire which dominatcfl the Middle Ages. But this friendly alliance also was and remained the necessary condition for the existence of the .'^tates of the Church. Without the protection of the great jxiwer beyond the Alps the States of the Church could not have been maintained. The worst dangers threatened the States of the Church, not so much from foreign ene- mies, as from the factions of the nobility in the city of Rome, who were continually engaged in jealous quarrels, each striving to get control of the spiritual

and temporal power attaching to the papacy. The degradation of the papacy reached its lowest point when it could obtain no protection from the empire against the lust for power of the factions of the Roman nobility or of the neighbouring patrician famihes. This lust for power manifested itself principally at the election of a new pope. For this reason the emperors, when they assumed the responsibility of [jrotecting the States of the Church, also guaranteed a canonical election, and the popes laid great stress upon having this obligation renewed in wTiting by each new em- peror in the confirmation of the old charters. Of these charters the oldest whose tex-t is preserved is the "Hludovicianum" or Faclumof Louis the Pious, i. e. the instrument executed by that monarch for Paschal I in 817. With Paschal's successor, Eugene II, the friendly alliance was, by order of Louis, renewed in 824 by his eldest son and colleague in the empire, Lothair I. The pope, dependent on the protection of the emperor, then granted the emperor new rights, which mark the zenith of the imperial influence under the Carlovingians. The emperor received the right of suppr\-ising the government and the administration of justice at Rome tlirough the instrumentality of permanent envoys, and no new pope was to be con- secrated until he had, together with the Romans, taken the oath of allegiance to the emperor in the presence of imperial envoys.

In this way the empire received in the "Constitu- tion of Lothair" an indirect influence over the election of the pope and a supervision of the papal government in the States of the Church. But soon after this the Carlovingians were so busily occupied by their djTias- tic quarrels that they had but httle time to concern themselves about Rome. Leo IV had, in concert with some seaport towns of Italy, to t;ike measures personally for the defence of Rome against the Saracens. The soldiers blessed by him won a bril- Uant victory at Ostia in 849. As the right bank of the Tiber with its Basilica of St. Peter was exposed to the pillage of the Saracens, Leo fortified it with a wall (848-52), and in his honour the part of the city so protected was called Cii'itas Leonina. In 8.50 Leo crowned Lothair's son, Louis II, as emperor. Al- though this emperor bravely opposed the Saracens in Lower Italy with all liis power, this power was no longer that of Charlemagne, for Louis's rule extended only over Italy. To the papacy, then represented by Nicholas II, the regenej' of Louis II was at times a danger rather than a protection. His representative, Duke Lambert of Spoleto, under the pretence of super- intending the election of the pope, invaded Rome in 867, and treated it as conquered territory. This was the prelude to the wTctchcd period following the death of Louis (875), when Rome and the pope were placed at the mercy of the neighbouring feudal lords, who had come into Italy with the Carlovingians, and who now quarrelled first with the Carlovingians still ruling be- yond the Alps, then among themselves for the apple of discord, the imperial crown. In vain did the able Pope John VIII hope for help and protection from the West Prankish king, Charles the Bald, who had been crowned emperor in 875. It is true Charles renewed the old charter relative to protection an<l donations and incre;i.sed the domain of the States of the Church by new donations (Spoleto and Benevento); he also gave up the claim to liave envoys present at the con- secration of the pope as well as the assignment to these envoys of the administration of justice. But beyond these donations on paper he did nothing. John VIII, at the head of his fleet at Cape Circeo (877), had to defend himself unaided against the Saracens. Fleeing from the dukes Lambert of Spoleto and Adalbert of Tuscany, who bore themselves as representatives of the imperial power, he went to France, vainly imploring the Carlovingians for help. The East Frank, Charles the Fat, who received the