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 STAROWOLSKI

250

STATE

Starowolski, Simon, b. at Stara Wola, near Cra- cow, 1585; d. at Cracow, 1656; studied at Louvain, but took his degrees in the University of Cracow, after which he travelled in various countries of Western Europe. Returning, he taught philosophy in the Uni- versity of Cracow, and then became secretary to Chod- kiewiez, whom he accompanied on his expedition to Chocim. For years he was a tutor to young noble- men, and again went over Europe in this capacity with the Hetman Koniecpolski's son. In 1639 he was ordained priest, and subsequently became a canon in Cracow. During the Swedish siege (1655) he ad- ministered the diocese for Bishop G^bicki, and it became his duty to show the cathedral to the Swedish king. 'Wlien he pointed to the tomb of Loldetek who, he said, thrice an exile, had returned thrice, Charles Gustavus remarked that "John Casimir would never return". "Serenissime Rex", he rephed, "fortuna variabilis, Deus immutabilis. " He died some months later, before John Casimir's triumphant return.

Starowolski wrote most abundantly and on every possible subject — history, geography, law, strategy, theology, and poUtics. His province also embraced hterature, for his "Scriptoram Polonicorum Heca- tontas" is a short biography of Polish authors, with the titles of their works. This he wTote during his travels abroad, where he published it in Latin, to instruct foreigners in Polish matters. At the same time he wrote books in PoUsh, chiefly of a moral char- acter, and many theological treatises; also two collec- tions of sermons entitled: "The Lord's Sanctuary" and "The Ark of the Testament". His chief poUtical works are: an exliortation to put down the Tatars; " The True Knight " ; and three works intended to re- form PoMsh morals, with different titles, and in differ- ent degrees of elaboration. Last, and shortly before his death, appeared his famous though short "Lament of the dying ^Iother, Poland, over her undutiful sons" ; from Skarga's days to those of Mickiewicz, no equally lofty expression of patriotism appeared. Starowolski wrote more than sixty books; but those mentioned suf- fice to give an idea of the extent of his learning, in- telligence, assiduity, and zeal for his country's welfare. In the commonwealth, tottering to its fall, he was one of the most public-spirited men; possibly there was not a single e\-il in Poland which he did not denounce. And thus, though no genius, he is most worthy of respect, and is the principal literary figure of those times. As a writer, perhaps on account of his numerous works, he is neither very correct nor very brilliant ; yet at times (as in the Lament), under the influence of his indignation, he rises to heights of thrilling eloquence. As a political writer, he possesses the quality of sound common sense, and not unf requently succeeds in point- ing out the right means of sa\'ing the State. On the whole, he is somewhat more of a moralist than of a politician; at all events, in his writings, the reform of morals takes up a larger place than the regeneration of the commonwealth.

Ttsznski, Symon SInrowoUki CP^arsaw, 1S74) ; Wiersbowski, Simonis Starowolskii Elenchxts operum (Warsaw, 1854); Bruck- ner, Geseh. der polnischen Literatur (Leipzig, 1901).

S. Tarnowski.

Starr, Eliza Allen, b. at Deerfield, Massa- chusetts, 29 Aug., 1824; d. at Durand, Illinois, 8 Sept., 1901. She was educated at her father's home. On her father's side she was descended from Dr. Com- fort Starr of Ashford, County Kent, England, who settled at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1633, and, on her mother's side, from the ".VUans of the Bars", who came from Chelmsford, Essex, Eng- land. She inherited the love of literature from her parents, and when thirteen years of age went to Boston, where she finished her studies in 1845. In Boston she opened a studio, but, the climate proving unfavourable to her health, she moved to Brooklyn, thence to Philadelphia. She finally ac-

cepted a position as teacher in the family of a wealthy planter at Natchez, Mississippi. In 1853 she re- turned to BrookljTi as teacher of drawing in a boarding-school. In 1848 she returned to Phila- delphia. It was during this \asit to her kinsfolk she met the Rt. Rev. Francis Patrick Kenrick, afterward Archbishop of Baltimore. It was from this saintly and learned churchman that the germs of faith al- ready in her heart received their first activities. After an incessant struggle of nine years she was received into the Cathohc Church at Bo.ston by Bishop Fitzpatrick on 23 December, 1854, and made her first Communion on the following Christmas morning in the chapel of the Sisters of Charity. In 1856 Miss Starr entered upon a larger field of labour. In Chi- cago she found her life work. She laboured with her pen, and with the pencil illustrated her books. She lectured tliroughout the LTnited States, and in the auditorium of her home annually gave a course of ten lectuies upon art and literature.

Her published works are: "Songs of a Lifetime"; " Patron Saints " ; " Pilgrims and Shrines " ; "Isabella of Castile"; "What we see"; "Ode to Christopher Columbus"; "Christmas-tide"; "Christian art in our own age"; "The Seven Dolours of the Virgin Mary"; "Literature of Christian Art"; "The Three Keys to the Camera della Segnatura in the Vatican"; "Art in the Chicago Churches", published in the "New World " ; " Woman's work in Art " ; and " The Three Archangels and the Guardian Angels in Art". In recognition of this last work Leo XIII sent to her a beautiful medalUon. She was the first vvoman to receive the Ltetare Medal, which was conferred on her in 1865 by the University of Notre Dame, Indiana.

Cl.\rke, Eliza Allen Starr, Poet, Artist and Teacher of Christian Art in Caih. World, LXVI (New York, 1897), 254-60: Merrill, Eliza Allen Starr in Calk. World, LXXIV (New York, 1902), 607-13.

J.IIIES J. ^IcGovERN.

State and Church. — The Church and the State are both perfect societies, that is to say, each essen- tially aiming at a common good commensurate with the need of mankind at large and ultimate in a generic kind of life, and each juridically competent to provide all the necessary and sufficient means thereto. The State is ethically demonstrated to be such, and the Church has a hke demonstration from the theology of Christian Revelation. By reason of coexistence on the earth, community of subjects, and a need in common of some of the same means of activity, it is inevitable that they should have mutual relations in the juridical order. To declare these relations in brief from an ethical view- point, which is the scope of the present article, it will be necessary to state: I. The basis of their respective rights; II. The range of their respective jurisdictions; III. Their mutual corporate relation; IV. The union of Chiu-ch and State; V. Counter theories.

I. The Basis of Rights. — AU rights and duties en earth come ultimately from God through the Divine Law, either natural or positive. The char- acter of our natural rights and duties is determined by the purpose to which the Creator shaped the nature of man. and natural knowledge of them is acquired by human reason from the aptitudes, tendencies, and needs of nature. Duties and rights descending from positive Divine Law are determined by some additional purpose of God, over and above the exi- gencies of human nature, and are to be learned only from Divine Revelation, either in its explicit declara- tion or its rational content. Man has one ultimate purpose of existence, eternal happiness in a future life, but a twofold proximate purpose, one to earn his title to eternal happiness, the other to attain to a measure of temporal happiness consistent with the