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 SPOKAN

232

SPOLETO

The great aim of the Spirituals had been to obtain authorized separation from the order; for, said Uber- tin (Archiv, III, 87), "there will never be peace in the Order until leave is given to those who want it, to observe the Rule literally". The Community on the contrary was opposed to that plan, and continued to discredit their opponents by insisting on the real or pretended errors in the doctrine of Olivi. In 1312 two papal decretals put a term to the magna disceptatio: "Fidei catholicte fundamento" (Bull. Franc, V) and "Exivi de Paradiso" (Bull. Franc, V, I) condemning some errors of Ohvi. The second enjoined stricter observance of the rule. Clement V exhorted the French Spirituals, who during the process had with- drawn from the community, to return to their con- vents, and even went so far as to depose some supe- riors, who had treated them unfairly (Archiv, II, 140; IV, 34). The Spirituals went to the convents of Beziers, Narbonne, and Carcassonne. But when Clement and the minister general, Alexander of Alexandria, had died (1314), the former harsh superiors were restored (1315). The Spirituals now took a desperate step, in possessing themselves by force of the convents of Beziers and Narbonne, from which they ejected the Relaxati. Thereupon they were ex- communicated by William of Astre, cuslos of Nar- bonne (.-Vrchiv, I, 544; II, 140). The Spirituals ap- pealed to the Genenil Chapter of Naples in 1316 (Archiv, II, 159). John XXII, who was less favour- able to the Zelanti than his predecessor, cited them to his court (Bull. Franc, V, 118; 120) in 1317 and had them examined before a commission, with the result that their leaders were imprisoned, and the others detained in convents. The Bull "Quorumdam exigit",1317 (Bull. Franc, V, 128), was intended toput an end to the question. After some explanations of the rule the pope enjoined them under obedience and pain of excommunication to give up all particularities and to submit to the orders of the minister general, and concluded by saying "great is poverty, but greater is obedience". Twenty-five of the detained Spirituals utterly refused to accept the Bull and were therefore put before the inquisitor, who succeeded in converting twenty-one of them, whilst the four others, refusing to obey and to recognize the principle of papal author- ity on the Franciscan Rule, were handed over to the civil power, 7 May, 1318, and burned as heretics at Marseilles (see sentence of the inquisitor Michael Monachi in "Miscellanea" of Baluzius-Mansi, Lucca, 1761, II, 248).

• (3) The Spiritiuils of Tuscany, appear in 1309 (see Fr.\ticelli). After their flight to Sicily, John XXII directed against them, 23 Jan., 1318, the Bull "Glori- osam Eoclesiam" (Bull. Franc, V, 137) by which they were excommunicated. The movement of the Spirit- uals failed to obtain its aim; it even led through the errors of its leaders, to schism and heresy. However, the zeal for stricter observance of the rule combined with full submission to authority shortly after revived in the first Observant convents and led the order to new prosperity.

For general bibliography see Friars Minor and Fraticelli. EuBEL, BxtUaTxum FranciBcanutn, V (Rome, 1898) ; Ehrle's fundamental works in Archiv fur Litteratur und Kirchengeschichie, I-IV (Berlin and Freiburg. 1885-88); Ren£ de Nantes, Histoire des Spirituels (Paris, 1909); Balthasar. Oeschichte des Armutsstreitea xm Framiskanerorden bis zum Komil von Vienne (Mtinster. 1911); Holzapfel, Handhuch der Ceschichte des Framiskanerordens (Freiburg. 1909). 50-66; Lat. ed. (Freiburg). 45-58; BiHL, E documenlis ad historiam Spiritualium nuper per cl' mum V. Dr. Prof. Hen. Finke editis in Archirum Franciscanum Historicum, II (Quarracchi, 1909). 158-163; Glaser, Die Fran- zi.'<kanische Bewegung, ein Beitrag zur Geschickte sozialer Reformi- deen im Milldnllrr f.'Jtuttgart and Berlin. 1903) ; Tocco. Studii France^'-'tii (\':mJ.-, 19(19) ; Muzzey. Were the Spiritual Francis- cans Mn ' 1 ' /^ .'.,s' (Chicago, 1908), reprinted from the Journal ' / ,,, \ll (1908). n. 3-4; Gabavani. 6'K .Spir»(ua(j

Frances^ r, ,;;. l/...^f (Urbino, 1905).

On ihf i (ununictin Spirituals see Mabetti. Monumenta el antiquitates veterxa diaciplintje Ord. Prad. ab anno 1216 ad 1.^48 prtetertim in Romana Prorincia: QdAtif-Eohard. Scriptores Ordinis Pradicalorum, I (Paris, 1719), 534; Reichert, Monu-

IV (Rome, 1899), 137 sq.; Ebrle,

LivARius Oliger.

Spokan Indians, an important tribe of Salishan Iingui,stic stock, closely cognate with the Colville, CcEur d'Alene, Kalispel, and Flathead, and formerly holding the country upon Spokane River in Eastern Washington and the adjacent portion of Idaho. They were first noted, under the name of Lartielo, by the American explorers, Lewis and Clarke, in 1805. At a later period they came into communication with the traders of the Hudson Bay Company and Amer- ican Fur Company. In 1.839 a Presbyterian mi.ssion was established among the Lower Spokan at Che- makane, Washington, and continued until 1849, when it was abandoned in consequence of the massacre of Rev. Marcus Whitman and his companions of the Presbyterian mission of Waiilatpu among the Cayuse. The Spokan chief, Garry, however, gave protection to those at Chemakane until the danger was past. A Spokan primer, published by the missionaries in charge in 1842, was one of the earliest books printed on the Pacific coast.

The LIpper Spokan came under the influence of the Jesuit Fathers De Smet, Point, and their successors, about 1841, with the result that that portion of the tribe is Catholic. Throughout the Yakimd war of 1856-8 the Spokan remained quiet, chiefly through the effort of the Catholic mission.aries. In 1872 those of Washington, constituting the larger body, were gathered with other cognate tribes upon the ColviUe reservation. North-eastern Washington, where they now reside. Those in Idaho are associated with the Coeur d'Alene and are all Catholic. At Colville the Lower band is Protestant, while the Upper band, somewhat smaller in numbers, is Catholic. From perhaps 1200 souls a century ago they have declined (1911) to 600, of whom 96 are on the Coeur d'.-\lene reservation. The religious centre for those of Colville is the mission of St. Francis Regis, at Ward, Washing- ton, under Jesuit management. The centre for Coeur d'Alene is the Jesuit mission of the Sacred Heart, at De Smet, Idaho. In language, primitive custom, and characteristics the Spokan are virtually identical with the Coeur d'Alene and Kalispel Indians.

Bancroft, Hist, of Oregon (San Francisco. 1886-88) ; Idem. Hist. Washington, Idaho and Montana (.San Francisco, 1890); DeSmet, Oregon Missions (New York. 1847); Bur. Cath. Ind. Missions: Annual Reports of Director (Washington): Commissioner of Ind. Affairs; Anntml Reports, especially Stevens (Washington. 1854) and WiNANS (Washington. 1870) ; Moonet. Ghost Dance Religion in Fourteenth Ann. Rept. Bur. Amer. Ethnology, pt. II (Washing- ton, 1896).

James Moonet

Spoleto, Archdiocese op (Spoletana), in the Province of Umbria, Italy. The city is situated on a spur of Monteluco, which belongs to the Sybilline Mountains. In the neighbourhood are marble quar- ries and coal mines; mineral earths are also found, and in the forests of Monteluco, truffles. The situ.ation of the city upon a steep rock, protected by the mountain, has made it in all times an important fortress. The cathedral is an interesting Lombard building, begun in 617 by Duke Theudelapius; the campanile belongs to the tenth century, and the fa<^ade of 1207 is adorned with a large mosaic by Solsernus; the ornaments of the portal are by Gregorious Meloriantius (twelfth century). The interior, restored in 1(540 by Bernini, contains frescoes by Pinturicchio and by Fra Filippo Lippi, who is buried here. Without the city, be- yond the Porta della Torre (,(504?), is the ancient Church of San Pietro (fifth century), with inter- esting sculptures of the twelfth century. Not far away, on the crest of the mountain is the Church of San Giuliano, where the monastery of San Isacco (sixth century) arose. Other churches are: 11 Cro- rifisso, built on the site and from the materials of an ancient temple; San Ans;uio, beneath which the