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Provinces of Lerida and Gerona and in the Republic of Andorra. (8) The Diocese of Vich (Vicensis), in the ancient Ausona, was erected in 713, and restored by Ludovico Pio, and, later, by Vifredo the Hairy, Count of Barcelona. It has 248 parishes, 11 rural deaneries, in the Provinces of Barcelona, Gerona, and Tarragona.

VII. (1) The Archdiocese of Toledo (Toletana), erected in the first century, had for its first bishop St. Eugenius. In the fifth century the see was made metropolitan, and after the Reconquest it became the principal see of the Spains. The archdiocese con- tains 442 parishes divided into 20 rural deaneries, and covers the Province of Toledo and part of those of Jaen, Guadalajara, and Cdceres. (2) The Diocese of Coria {Cauriensis) existed as eai-ly as the year 589 and was restored in 1142 by Alfonso VIII. It com- prises 124 parishes, divided into 11 rural deaneries, in the Provinces of Cdceres, Salamanca, and Badajoz. (3) The Diocese of Cuenca (Conquensis) was erected in 1179 by Pope Lucius III. It has 326 parishes, in 12 rural deaneries, in the Provinces of Cuenca and Guadalajara. (4) The Diocese of Madrid-Alcald (Mairitcn^is-Complutensis) was erected by the Bull of 7 March, 1885, in pursuance of the Concordat of 1851. It has 232 parishes, divided into 18 rural deaneries, in the Province of Madrid. (5) The Diocese of Pla- sencia {Placentina), erected in 1190 by Alfonso VIII, has 260 parishes, divided into 14 rural deaneries, in the Province of Cdceres, Salamanca, Badajoz, and Avila. (6) The Diocese of Siguenza (Saguntina) ex- isted in the time of the Goths, and was restored by Alfonso VIII. It has 350 parishes, 18 rural deaner- ies, in the Provinces of Guadalajara, Saragossa, and Soria.

VIII. (1) The Archdiocese of Valencia (Valentina) erected in the third century, and restored by Jaime I, the Conqueror, in 1238, has 313 parishes, 25 rural deaneries, in the Provinces of Alicante, Valencia, and Castell6n. (2) The Diocese of Iviza (Ebtisensis) is to be merged in that of Majorca, pursuant to the Con- cordat. It has 37 parishes. (3) The Diocese of Majorca (Majoricensis) was erected by Jaime, the Conqueror, in 1229. The see is at Palma, and its incorporation with the Diocese of Iviza is provided for by the Concordat. It has 59 parishes, 7 rural deaneries, in the Balearic Isles. (4) The Diocese of Minorca (Minoricensis). erected in 1795, has its see at Ciudadela and numbers 14 parishes. (5) The Diocese of Orihuela (Oriolcnsis) was erected in 1564. Its see should, by the terms of the Concordat, be trans- ferred to Alicante. It has 60 parishes, 1 1 rural dean- eries, in the Provinces of Alicante, Valencia, and Al- meria. (6) The Diocese of Segorbe (Segobricensis) founded in the time of theGoths, restored in 1171, and again in 1245, has 65 parishes, 7 rural deaneries, in the Provinces of Casfell6n, Valencia, and Teruel.

IX. (1) The Archdiocese of Valladolid (Valliso- letana) was founded in 1595 and became metropoli- tan in 1859. It has 93 parishes, 9 rural deaneries, in the province of the same name. (2) The Diocese of Astorga (Asturicensis) is of Apostolic origin, and was restored by Alfonso I in 747. It has 582 parishes and 18 rural deaneries in the Provinces of Le6n, Zamora, and Orensp. (3) The Diocese of Avila (Abulensis) was erected by St. Secundus in Apostolic times, and restored after the Arab invasion, by Alfonso VI. It has 339 parishes, divided into 20 rural deaneries, in the Provinces of Avila, Toledo, and Valladolid. (4) The Diocese of Ciudail Rodrigo (Ciritaliiisis), founded by Alexander III, in 1175, is one of those suppressed under the Concordat, its territory having been added to that of Salamanca since 18S4 untler an Apostolic administrator with episcopal character. It has l.'jO parishes, 1 1 rural deaneries, in the Province of Sala- manca. (5) Th(" Diocese of Salamanca (Salmand- censis) dates from the first century, and was restored

by Alfonso I, the Great, in 901. It numbers 286 parishes, 19 rural deaneries, in the province of the same name. (6") The Diocese of Segovia (Segovien- sis) was erected in the time of the Goths and restored by Alfonso VI. It has 276 parishes, 15 rural deaner- ies, in the Provinces of Segovia, Avila, and Vallado- hd. (7) The Diocese of Zamora (Zamorensis) was founded in the year 905. It has 265 parishes, 13 rural deaneries, in the Provinces of Zamora and Valla- doUd.

Besides these nine provinces, there is the Diocese- Priorate of the four military orders, or of Ciudad- Real (Cluniensis), which was erected as vere nullius by the Bull "Ad Apostohcum", put into execution by the Decree of August, 1876. It has 115 parishes, in 11 rural deaneries.

The privileged ecclesiastical jmisdictions are the Apostolic Nunciature and the Supreme Tribunal of the Rota, both at Madrid, and the Chapel Royal (Clcro de la Real Capilla y Patrimonio), with a grand almoner (capellan mayor) to His Majesty, honorary chaplains, etc. The military chaplains are under the jurisdiction of a Vicar-General of the Army and Navy. There are four deputy vicars and a proportionate number of chaplains-general, and first-class and sec- ond-class chaplains.

Notwithstanding the measures of disamortization which have deprived them of their property, and the general expulsion effected a second time by the Revo- lution of 1868, the religious orders of both sexes prosper and possess many establishments in Spain. Owing, however, to their anomalous legal position, it is extremely difficult to obtain statistics of them, al- though an appro.ximation may be made. The Lib- erals assert that, since the Concordat of 1851, only three reUgious orders of men have any right to be ad- mitted to the country, while the Conservatives and CathoUcs in general understand that the Concordat places these three orders in a privileged position, but admits all the other orders conformably with the pro- visions of the canon law to which its stipulations are subject. In 1903 the religious orders in Spain num- bered 597 communities of men and 2463 communities of women. The number of male religious was 10,630; of female 40,030. These communities were divided, according to the chief object of their institutions, as follows: —

Commurtilies:

01 Men. OS Women.

The Contemplative life 75 717

Charitable works 39 1029

Teaching 294 717

The priesthood 97

Missions 92

Total 597 2463

Of late years there has been a notable increase in these figures, but statistics are not obtainable. The most numerous orders are the Jesuits, Franciscans, Capuchins, Augustiniars, Piarists, Missionaries of the Heart of Mary, Brothers of the Christian Schools, Marist Brothers, and Lazarists.

C. Education. — Three educational grades are recog- nized : the higher, intermediate, and primary. Higher education is divided into academical (Jacultativa) and technical (special): the former of these divisions is taught in the universities, with their faculties of law, philosophy and letters, sciences, medicine, and phar- macy. Technical education is given in the special schools of engineering, architecture, veterinary sur- gery, and manual-training, and in the military schools. There are three schools of industrial engineering (mechanics, chemistry, and electricity), at Madrid, Barcelona, and Bilbao. .Vt Machid are also a school of civil engineering (Escucht di- Ingiititrox de Caiiiinos, Ciinales y Funrtux), a school of mines, and a school of agriculture, while at the Escorial is a school of forestry (Escuela de Ingenieros y de Monies). There are