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forms a part. The theories of Centralism have made the municipal ayunlamicntos organs of the central political power; but in practice these bodies aspire to be really representative, each of its own community, in relation to the Government, and this forms the programme of the Municipal Autonomy movement.

The central Government is administered by the various ministerial offices and the bureaux dependent upon them. These ministerial offices are: the Presi- dency of the Council of Ministers, with its adminis- trative corps; the Ministry of State, with the diplo- matic and consular corp.s, the corps of interpreters, and the auxiliary administrative corps; the Ministry of Grace and Justice, which has charge of ecclesiastical relations, of the judges, notaries, registrars of prop- erty, clerks {escribanos), and relators, and the direc- tion of prisons and penal establishments; the Minis- try of Finance, or the Exchequer (Hacienda), which controls the administration of the customs, the ad- vocates of the State, and the examiners of accounts, besides its own special administrative bureau. The Ministerio de Gobernaci6n (equivalent to Home Office or Department of the Interior) has charge of public health and the Police, as well as the Postal and Telegraph Services, and public charities. The Ministry of Public Instruction and Fine Arts has charge of the archives, libraries, copyright (propiedad litera- ria), geographical, topographical, and astronomi- cal workers, independent industrial enterprises, and state professors and teachers. The ^linis- try of Public Works controls the state engineers and exercises supervision over highways, mines, agriculture, manufactures and commerce, and forests, besides special administration. The Ministry of War has charge of all that relates to national defence; the Ministry of Marine, of the whole administration of the Navy, both as to material and men. The Minis- terio de Ultramar (Ministry of the Colonies) has ceased to exist since the loss of the colonies.

The ordinary administration of justice in Spain is carried on by judges of first instance, territorial courts {audie7icias) of second instance, and the Supreme Court, sitting at Madrid, to which causes of great importance are taken in the last instance. There are fifteen territorial courts, or jurisdictions (audiencias) : (1) at Albacete; (2) Barcelona; (3) Burgos; (4) Cdceres; (5) Corunna; (6) Granada; (7) Madrid; (8) Oviedo; (9) Pahna (Majorca); (10) Las Palmas (Canary Islands); (11) Pamplona; (12) Seville; (13) Valencia; (14) Valladohd; and (15) Saragossa. Of these jurisdictions (1) comprises the Provinces of Albacete (eight judicial districts, eighty-five ayuntamientos), Ciudad Real (ten judi- cial districts), Cuenca (eight districts), and Murcia (ten districts); (2) of Barcelona (seventeen districts), Gerona (six districts), L6rida (eight districts), and Tarragona (eight districts); (3) of Alava (three dis- tricts), Burgos (twelve districts), Logrono (nine districts), Santander (eleven districts), Soria (five districts), and Biscay (five districts); (4) of Badajoz (fifteen districts), and Cdceres (thu'teen districts); (5) of Corunna (fourteen districts), Lugo (eleven dis- tricts), Orense (eleven districts), and Pontevedra (eleven districts); (6) of Almerla (ten districts), Granada (fifteen districts), Ja^n (thirteen districts), and Malaga (fifteen districts); (7) of Avila (six dis- tricts), Guadalajara (nine districts), Madrid (seven- teen districts), Segovia (five districts), and Toledo (twelve districts) ; (8) comprises the single province of Oviedo, divided into fifteen districts; (9) comprises the Balearic Isles, with six districts; (10) the seven districts of the Canary Islands; (11) the Provinces of Guipuzcoa (four districts), and Navarre (five districts) ; (12) of Cadiz (fourteen districts), Cordova (seventeen districts), Iluelva (six districts), and Seville (fourteen districts); (13) of Alicante (fourteen districts), Cas- telloa (nine districts), and Valencia (twenty-one

districts); (14) of Leon (ten districts), Palencia (seven districts), Salamanca (eight districts), Val- ladohd (eleven districts), and Zamora (eight districts); [lb) of Huesca (eight districts), Teruel (ten districte), and Saragossa (thirteen districts).

The Peninsula and its adjacent islands are divided into fourteen mihtary districts, or captaincies-general (capilanias generates): New Castile, Catalonia, An- dalusia, Valencia, Gahcia, Aragon, Granada, Old Castile, Estremadura, Navarre, Burgos, the Basque District, the Balearic, and the Canary Islands. Each district is commanded by a lieutenant-general with the title of captain-general, to whom all tlie troops in the district, and aD persons connected with the army, are subject. A general of division, called the segundo cabo (second chief), takes his pliice in case of absence or illness, and is also the military guvernor of the chief province of the district. There is also a commander-in-chief at Ceuta, who is not dependent upon any district commander. Each civil province also forms a military government, usually commanded by a general of brigade or, in the case of the principal ones, by a general of division. Every fortress or place of high strategic importance constitutes a special military government under a comandante de plaza.

B. Ecclesiastical Organization. — Spain is divided in- to the following ecclesiastical provinces: I. Burgos; II. Granada; III. Santiago; IV. Saragossa; V. Seville; VI. Tarragona; VII. Toledo; VIII. Valencia; IX. Val- ladohd. By the Concordat of 1851 it was agreed that eight sees should be suppressed. These eight were: Albarracin, Barbastro, Ceuta, Ciudad Rodrigo, Iviza, Solsona, Tenerife, and Tudela. (See map.)

I. (1) The Archdiocese of Burgos (Burgensis), erected in 988, made metropohtan by Alfonso VI, numbers 1220 parishes, 47 rural deaneries, in the Provinces of Burgos, Santander, Palencia, and Soria. (2) The Diocese of Calahorra and La Calzada (Calagurritana) is of Apostohc origin. It has 266 parishes, 47 rural deaneries, in the Provinces of Logrono and Navarre. By the provisions of the Concordat its capital should have been transferred to Logrono, but, owing to dif- ficulties which arose, it is at present (1910) adminis- tered by the Archbishop of Burgos. (3) The Diocese of Le6n (Legionensis), founded in the third century, has 345 parishes, 37 rural deaneries, in the Provinces of Le6n, Valladolid, and Oviedo. (4) The Diocese of Osma (Oxomensis) is of Apostolic origin. It was suppressed on account of the Arab invasion, and restored in the ninth century. It numbers 349 parishes, 28 riu-al deaneries, in the Provinces of Soria and Burgos. (5) The Diocese of Palencia (Palen- tina), founded in the third century, has 345 parishes, 24 rural deaneries, in the Provinces of Palencia, Valladolid, and Burgos. (6) The Diocese of San- tander (Santanderiensis), erected in the year 1354, has 425 parishes, 26 rural deaneries, nearly all in the same province. (7) The Diocese of Vitoria {Vic- toriensis), erected in 1862, pursuant to the Concordat of 1851, has 930 parishes, 36 rural deaneries, in the three Basque provinces.

II. (1) The Archdiocese of Granada (Gramatensis), of very ancient origin, was restored and made met- ropolitan by the Cathohc sovereigns in 1492. It numbers 182 parishes, 13 rural deaneries, nearly all in the Provinces of Granada and Ahneria. (2) The Diocese of Almeria (Almeriensis), of very ancient origin, was restored by the Catholic sovereigns. It has 66 parishes, 7 rural deaneries, in the province of the same name. (3) The Diocese of Cartagena- Murcia (Cartaginiensis) is of unknown origin. Urban IV restored it and fixed its see in Murcia. It has 134 parishes, 17 rural deaneries, in the Provinces of Murcia, Alicante, Almeria, and Albacete. (4) The Diocese of Guadix (Accilana) founded by St. Torquatus in the first century, restored at the end of the fifteenth century, has 61 parishes, 5 rural