Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 14.djvu/199

 SPAIN

171

SPAIN

The normal agricultural production is:

English bushels. Evglish gallons.

Wheat 90,167.965 Oil 73,947.467

Barley 47.895,912 Wine 509.712.819

Rye 20.337.766

Maize 21.425,538

Oats 7.245,315

Total production

of grain 187,072,496 1

It is not easy to ascertain the number of head of stock bred in Spain; great pains are taken to conceal the statistics, owing to the increase of taxation. The following statement, may be taken as approximately correct: horses, 500.000; mules, 000,000; ;isse8, 9.50,000; cattle, •2,.'j00,000; shoeii, IS.OOO.OOO; goats, 3,000,000; hogs, 3,0(K),000. At the end cf the eight- eenth century there were 19,000,000 head of sheep. One of the chief causes of the decline in this respect was the laicization of religious houses, which even- tually resulted in the mountain slopes being denuded. It is'estimated that 68,000,000 kilogrammes (6G,830 English tons, or 74,849 American tons) of fish are caught annually on the sea coasts of Spain. Of this quantity 24,000,000 kilogrammes are salted, and 8,000,000 pickled. The quantity exported is 26,000,- 000 kilogrammes (25,590 English tons, or 28,660 American tons).

While Spain does not rank as a manufacturing na- tion, it has important manufactures of woollen, cot- ton, silk, lipen, and hempen textiles; of paper, leather, porcelain, earthenware, and glass; of chocolate, soap, ajid chemicals. Weapons are manufactured at Toledo, Oyiedo, Seville, Trubia (ortliiance), Eibar, Plasencia, Saragossa, antl Albacete (the famous Albacete navajas, or knives). There are also notable manufactures of bricks, glazed tiles (azulcjos), and other ceramic products. The principal articles of im- portation are cotton, wheat, coal, timber, sugar, salted codfish, woollen fabrics, and machinery; of exporta- tion, wine, oil, met.als, and other mineral products, cork, and fruit, both dried and fresh. The principal banks are the Bank of Spain; the Bank of Barcelona, the Banco Hipotecario, the Sociedad Tabacalera de Filipinas, etc. The first-class maritime custom- houses are those of Aguilas, Ahcante, Almerla, Barce- lona, Bilbao, Cadiz, Carril, Cartagena, Corunna, Gijon, Orao de Valencia, Huelva, Mah6n, Ma- laga, Palani6s, Palma in Majorca, Pasajes, Rib.adeo, San Si'b.a.sti:in, Santander, Seville, Tarragona, Vigo, and \'inaroz. The first-class inland custom-houses are those of .lunciuera, Portbou, Iriin, Canfranc, Benasque, Palau, Salient, Torla, Les, A16s, Bosost, Farga de Moles. Dancharinea, and Valcarlos, on the French frontier, and. on the Portuguese frontier, those of Albuquerque, Badajo, Olivenza, ,*>an Vicente, Al- cantara, llerrera de Alcdntara, Valencia de ,\lciintara, Paimogo, Verin, Cadovos, Puentc Barjas, La (iu.ardia, Salvatierra, Tuy, Fregeneda, Albergueria, AUh'a del Obispo, Barba del Puerco, Alcanices, Fermoselle and Pedralva.

According to the census for those j'ears respectively, the population of Spain was: 15,464,340 in 18.57; 15,673,481 in 1860; 16,634,345 in 1877; 17,.565,632 in 1887; 18,132,475 in 1897; 18,618,086 in 1900. The last of these census shows a distribution according to sex of 9.087,821 males and 9,530,265 females, an excess of 442,444 females; there were 5,2(K),816 unmarried men, and 5,109,609 unmarried women; 7,021,512 mar- ried men and women; 391,452 widowers and 888,629 widows (excess of widows 497,177); condition not ascertained, 3615 men and 2453 women. In regard to age the married persons were divided as follows:

Males. Females.

Between 1 1 and 15 yeara of age 11 324

Between 16 and 20 years of age 3.700 55,296

Between 2 1 and 25 years of age 136.903 350.957

Between 26 and 30 years of age 461 ,439 557,630

Unmarried persons were divided as follows:

Males. Females,

Between 41 and 45 yeara of age 35.291 50,617

Between 46 and 50 years of age 32.549 59,067

Between 51 and 60 years of age 45,255 78,037

As to longevity, the figures were:

Males. Females.

Persons living between 71 and 80 years of age 174.815 184.504

Persons living between 81 and 90 years of age 28.075 35.948

Persons living between 91 and 100 years of age 1.656 3.048

Persons living over 100 years of age 2S 124

II. Government. — A. Cii'-it and MiliUiry Organiza- tion. — Spain was formed by the coalition of various states, which for many centuries had ko\it their own names and boundaries, and had differed considerably in laws (the fueros), customs, characteristics, and methods of government. These states were: The Kingdoms of Galicia, Le6n, Old and New Castile, Estremadura, Andalusia, Murcia, Valencia, the Balearic Isles, Aragon, and Navarre, the two prin- cipalities of -Asturias and Catalonia, and the Basque Provinces. The Bourbons, with their French pro- pensity to centralize, made the government uniform, converting the ancient states into so many intenden- cias, or departments. In 1809, Joseph Bonaparte, the intruded occupant of the Throne, divided Spain into 38 departments, and the present tlivision, into 49 provinces, was legally enacted in 1834. The ancient Kingdom of Galicia makes four provinces: Corunna (or Coruiia), Lugo, Oren.se, and Pontevedra. The Principality of .Asturias is the Province of Oviedo. Old Castile forms the eight provinces of .Avila, Se- govia, Soria, Vallailolid, Paleiicia, Burgos, Logrono, and Santander; New Castile, tlmsc of .\lailrid, Toledo, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, anil Guadalajara. The three Basque Provinces are: Alava, Ciuipuzcoa, and Viz- caya, their respective capitals being Vitoria, S. Sebastian, and Bilbao. Navarre forms a single prov- ince, with Pamplona for its capital. Aragon is divided into the three Provinces of Saragossa, Huesca, and Teruel; Catalonia forms those of Barcelona, Tarra- gona, Lerida, and Gerona; Le6n, those of Le6n, Zamora, and Salamanca; Estremadura, those of Cdceres and Badajoz; Valencia, those of Alicante and Castell6n de la Plana; Murcia, those of Murcia and .\lbacete. Andalusia forms the eight Provinces of Cordova, Almeria, Granada, Malaga, Jaen, Cadiz, Huelva and Seville. The Balearic Isles form one province, with Palma for its capital; the Canaries, another, with Las Palmas for its capital. This divi- sion has many inconveniences: it is ill-adapted to historical analysis; it is exiremely unequal, some prov- inces being three times as large as others. Moreover, it does not fit in with the ecclesiastical organization of the country.

At the head of each province is a civil governor, the office being both administrative and ])olitical in character, and one of the few the iiicunihciits of which change with the changes of jiolitical parties in jHiwer. Subject to the civil governor are all the departments of the provincial administration; the Exchequer, presided over by a delegate, the PoUce, etc. The civil governor also wields authority over the civil "facultative corps", as they are called — the engineers of highways, forests, and mines, and the agricultural experts — as well as over public instruction, charities, and so on. Each province is divided into munici- palities, which are governed by municipal councils (ayunlamientns), with an alcalde, or mayor, at the head of each ayuntamiento. Each alcalde is dependent on the governor of the province, and in his turn con- trols the officials of his own municipal government. The total number of municipalities and ayuntnmien- toa in Spain is 9290. Every village not large enough to form a municipality has a sub-mayor (alcalde pedaneo), governing the village in dependence upon the ayuntamiento of the municipality of which it