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 SPAGNI

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SPAIN

tion of all the extensive sensations; and it is because this interpretation takes place in the simplest manner that our intuitive space is homogeneous and tri-di- mensional. Evidently this elaboration supposes a special nature in the subject, the faculty of receiving extensive impressions, and that of combining them by synthesis. But this is natural to man, and there is nothing to justify us in speaking of an innate image of space.

Everj' philosopher and psychologist has treated the question of space; here merely a few important works are cited to help towards a deeper study of the question, — Faroes, L'ifUe du coji- tinu dans t'espace el I'e temps (Paris, 1892); Hodgson, rime and Spnce (London, 1865); James, Perception of Space in Mind, XII (1887); FuLLERTON. The Doctrine of Space and Time in Phvlos. Ret., X (1901); Gotberlet, Die nexie Raumtheorie (Mamz, 1882); Willems, Inslitutiones philosophic^, II (Trier, 1906); Nys, La notion d'espace an point de vue mxmologiqne el psyrholo- giqne (Louvain, 1901); Wundt, ^;r„,:,Yr:-. .^■ ;v,„-;,,./,.,,„. deip-

lig, 1907); Idem, GrundzUgc d: - ■■' < /', ' ' Ill ■'\"tR.

igo.'?); HoFPDiNG, EsQuisse (/■/;! - "'''

(Paris. 1906); Ebbinghads-D '. /,.'/,, i;,e

(Leipzig, 1911); Ziehen, Physi^l.ju,.i. i., J'..,,,/,,..'..^,. i,)i u.^ lull); Eisi-ER, Worlerbuch der philosophischen Bcgriffc ^Berlm, 1910); Beroson, Essai sur les donnies immediates de la conscience (Paris, 1908).

M. P. DE MUNNTNCK.

Spagni, Anbhea, educator and author, b. at Flor- ence, 8 Aug., 1716; d, at Rome, 16 Sept., 1788, He entered the Society of Jesus, 22 Oct., 1731, and was employed chiefly in teaching philosophy and theol- ogy, though for a time he professed mathematics at the Roman College, and assisted Father Asclepi in his astronomical observations. The most noted of his writings is the work "De Miraculis" (Rome, 1777), which he carefully revised in two succeeding editions (Rome, 1779 and 1785). In tliis work, besides giving the positive doctrine on the nature and reality of mir- acles, he has marshalled together with great thorough- ness the objections brought forward by the rational- ists of his own and preceding times against the chief miracles of the Old and the New Testament, so that the work may be considered as a compendium of the literature of the subject, up to the last quarter of the eighteenth century. His other chief works are : "De Cau.sa efhciente"" (Rome, 1764); "De Bono, Male et Pulchro" (Rome, 1766); "De Mundo" (Rome, 1770); "De Ideis Mentis humana;" (Rome, 1772): "De Motu" (Rome, 1774); "De Anima Brutorum (Rome, 177.5); " De Signis Idearum " (Rome, 1781).

SOMMERVOGEL, Bibl. de la C. de J.. VII (Brussels, 1896).

Edwabd C, Phillips.

Spagnoli. See Baptista Mantuanus, Blessed.

Sptun. — This name properly signifies the whole peninsula which forms the south-eastern extremity of Europe. Since the political separation of Portugal, however, t he name has gradually come to be rest ricted to the largest of the four pohtical divisions of the Penin,sula: (1) Spain; (2) Portugal; (.3) the Repubhc of Andorra; (4) the British possession of (iibraltar, at the southern extremity. The etymology of the name Spain {Espana) is uncertain. Some derive it from the Punic word tse.pan, "rabbit", basing the opinion on the evidence of a coin of Galba, on which Spain is rep- resented with a rabbit at her feet, and on Striibo, who calLs Spain "the land of rabbits". It is stiid that the Phcenicians and Carthaginians found the country overrun with these rodents, and so named it after them. Another derivation is from sphar), "north", from the circumstance that the country was north of Carthage, just .as the Greeks called Italy Hesperia, because it was their western boundary, or the land of sunset (iair^pa). Again, some Bascophiles would assert a Basque origin for the name of Spain: Es- Tpnnin, "Land of the Shoulder", because it formed the western shoulder of ancient Europe. Padre Larra- niendi has remarked that, in the Basque Language, ezpana means "tongue", "lip", or "extremity", and might thus have been appUed to the extreme south-

western region of Europe, The Spanish Peninsula has also been called the Iberian, from its original in- habitants, and (by synecdoche) the Pyrenean, from the mountains which bound it on the north. As the Spaniards named one part of Anicrica — Mexico — Nucra Espana (New Spain), we speak of " t he Spains", in the plural, to signify the Spanish possessions,

I, Physical Char.\cteristics and Statistics, — The geographical boundaries of Spain are: on the north, the Pyrenees, the Republic of .\ndorra, and the Bay of Biscay (known in Spain as Mar Cantahrico, or "Cantabrian Sea"); on the east, the Mediterranean; on the south, the ^iediter^anean, the Straits of Gib- raltar, and the Atlantic; on the west, Portugal and the Atlantic, Its four extreme points are: on the north, the Estaca de Vares, in N, lat, 43° 47' 32"; on the south, the southern extremity of the Island of Tarifa, in S, lat. 35° 59' 49"; on the east. Cape Creus, in lon- gitude 3° 20' 16" E. of Greenwich, on the west. Cape Torinana. in longitude 9° 17' 33" W. of Greenwich. The total area of the Spanish territory in the Penin- sula is 194,563 square miles, with a coast line of 2060 miles in length. The combined French and Portu- guese frontiers measure 3094 miles.

The surface of Spain presents the most varied geo- logical features. In the seas of the Cambrian epoch the first elements of the Peninsula appeared as a mul- titude of islands. The most important- of these is- lands formed what is now Galicia and the North of Portugal, with parts of the Provinces of Caceres, Sala- manca, and Zamora, To the south-east of this was another island, where is now Bejar and the Sierra de Credos, comprising part of the Provinces of Avila, Segovia, and Toledo. To the north-east, the Pyre- nees and the Catalonian coast took the form of islets, while in other directions other islets occupied the sites of Lisbon, Evora, Cdceres, Badajoz, Seville, Cor- dova, and Jaen. The upheaval of the land went on during the Devonian and Silurian ejiochs until it formed what is now the whole of (lalicia, part of the Asturias, Leon, and Zamora, and as far down as To- ledo, Ciudad Real, Cordova, Huclvas, and the Al- garves, while, to the east and north, were formed the Catalonian coast and a great part of the Pyrenees. Large islands arose in the neiglilidurlidods of Burgos, Soria, Daroca, Granada, Mal:ig;i, and Gibraltar. No Permian formation is to be found in Spain, nor does there appear any Triassic worth mentioning, the for- mations of these two periods having been submerged during later periods. During the Jurjissic period long parallel tracts were formed along I he present courses of the Ebro and the Turia, as well as a great mass between Jaen, Granada, Malaga, Osuna, and Mon- tilla. The eastern portions of the Peninsula were built up during the Cretacean period, while, between these formations and the Granitic an<i Silurian, ex- tensive lakes were left which have since disappeared but which may still be traced in the level steppes of Aragon and the two Castiles. What is now the Ebro was then a vast lake extending through the Eocene and Pliocene formations of Lerida, Saragossa, and Logrofio, and joining, in the regions of Sto. Domingo de la Calzada, Haro, and Briviesca, another lake which then covered the sites of Burgos, \'alladoIid, Leon, Zamora, and Salamanca. Another extension of the Eocene formation was from the region where Madrid now stands to that of Albacete and Murcia. The Quaternarj' formations are found chiefly on the east coast and the Provinces of Madrid (north- west), Segovia, Valladolid, Palencia, and Asturias, and the basins of the principal rivers. Down to this last period Spain does not seem to have been defini- tively sep;irated from Africa, its formations— Eocene and "Miocene, as well as Silurian — being continued in that region.

Owing to the diversity of formations described above, and the elevation of the central portions, the