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 SOUTH CAROLINA

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SOUTH CAROLINA

If we ask then "what was the original basis out of which spirit and all things arose?" we are told it svas the llnknowable (Spencer). This sj-stem must be treated as Materialistic Monism. The answer to it is tliat, as the outcome of the Unknowable has 3. spiritual character, the Unknowable itself (assuming .ts reality) must be spiritual.

As regards monistic systems generally, it belongs •ather to cosmology to discuss them. We take our stand on the consciousness of individual personahty, iV'hieh consciousness is a distinct deliverance of our /evy highest faculties, groi;\ang more and more ex- plicit with the strengthening of our moral and intel- ectual being. This consciousness is emphatic, as igainst the figments of a fallaciously abstract reason, n asserting the self -subsistence (and at the same time ,he finitude) of our being, i. e. it declares that we are ndcpendent inasmuch as we are truly persons or \elves, not mere attributes or adjectives, while at he same time, by exhibiting our manifold limitations, t directs us to a higher Cause on which our being lepends.

Such is the Catholic doctrine on the nature, unity, iibstantiality, spirituality, and origin of the soul, t is the only system consistent with Christian faith, ind. we may add, morals, for both Materialism and Zionism logically cut away the foundations of these, rhe foregoing historical sketch will have served also o show another advantage it possesses, \nz. that it 3 by far the most comprehensive, and at the same ime discriminating, synthesis of whatever is best n rival systems. It recognizes the physical condi- ions of the soul's acti\-ity with the Materialist, and ts spiritual aspect with the Idealist, while with the tlonist it insists on the vital imity of human life, t enshrines the principles of ancient speculation, .nd is ready to receive anfl a.ssimilate the fruits of iiodern research. See Animism: Consciousness; Cnergv, the L.\w op the Conserv.\tion of; Fac-
 * lties of the Soul; Form; Free Will; Idea;

M.MORTALiTv; INTELLECT; Life; Mind; Metem- SYCHOsis; Psychology; Spirituali.sm.

The following works may be consulted: Ladd. Philosophy f Mind {New York and London. 1895): Idem, Elements of Physiological Psychology (New York, 1887) : James, Prin- iples of Psychology (2 vols.. New Y'ork, 1898); Driscoll, 'Ae Soul (New Y'ork, 1898); Maher, Psychology (6th ed., ondon, 1909); McDouqall, Bodi/ and Mind: A Defence of Inimism (Ix)ndon. 1911); Coconnier, L'dme humaine (Paris, 890); Mercier, Psychologic (Louvain, 1904); Idem, Les origines e la psychologic coniemporaine (Louvain, 1908); Faroes, Le erveau, Vdme et les facuUis (Paris, 1888); Gardair, Philosophic e S. Thomas: la nature humaine (ParLi, 1896) ; Gutberlet, Die Psychologic (MQn3ter, 1896); BoriLLlER, Le principe vital et dme pensante (Paris. 1873); Leuueton, Les origines de la doc- •ine de la Trinite (Paris, 1910) ; Le Ror, La religion des primitifs Paris, 1908); Ttlor, Anthropology (London, 1904); Idem, phy, tr. Coffey (Dublin and London, 1907); Esser, Die Seclen- ■hre TertuUians (Wurzburg, 1893) ; Br^hier, Philon d'Ahxandrie Paris, 1908); Laqranoe. Etudes sur les religions semitiqucs Paris, 1903), For the references to St. Thomas and St. Augcs- INE see the articles in the Catholic Excyclofedia. See also Hct. de tMol. cathol. (Paris, 1909), s, v. Ame.
 * rimitive Culture (London, 1903) ; de Wulf, Scholastic Philos-

Michael Maher. Joseph Boland.

South Carolina, one of the thirteen original colo- quarc miles throughotlt its 3.") counties, with an ex- remc breadth of 23,") miles and an extreme width of 1.5. It is bounded eastw:ird by North Carolina and he Atlantic, with a coast line of 200 miles; Georgia ies to the west and North Carolina bounds it on the orth. Columbia is the capital.
 * ifs of the United St:itcs, has an area of 30,,")70

Physical Ch.\kacteristics. — South Carolina rises rom marshland in its eastern tidewater section to a aountainous region in the extreme western portion f the state. The Pedee and the Santee are navigable ivers flowing into the .Vtlantic and reaching the sea hrough deltas in the marsh regions. It is probable hat more than half of the state was at one time n dense timber.

Population. — The state is twenty-sbcth in rank of population according to the census of 1910. The pojju- lation in 1820 W.1.S .502,741; m 1840, ,594,398; in ISGO, 703,708; in 1880, 995,577; in 1900, 1,340,31; in 1910, 1,515,400. Beaufort County is the fifth county in the United States in point of density of negro ])opu- lation, having a percentage of 90.5. " In 1790 South Carolina was second only to Virginia in the number of its slaves, having 107,097. The largest cities with their respective populations are as follows: Charles- ton, .58,833; Columbia, 26,319; Spartanburg, 17,517; Greenville, 15,741.

Resources. — More than one-thu-d of the cultivated land is devoted to cotton. It is the fourth cotton state in the Union, producing in 1910, 1,11(1, 000 bales. The islands along the coast and the swampj' tidewater region from the very beginning yielded mucli rice, the state ranking second in the Union in this product. Much attention is given to the production of earlj' fruit and vegetables for northern markets and a more recent industry is the jjlanting and shipping of tea. From the pine forests hmiber and naval su]iplies are obtained, and a great deal of j^hosphate rock is dug in the southern tidewater region, yielding a rich supply of ferti- lizer for exjjort. The chief manu- factiu-ing indus- tries are cotton weaving, lumber milling, turpen- tine distilling, rice cleaning, and fer- tilizer. Accord- ing to the state census of 1905 the capital in- vested in its man- ufacturing indus- tries was $113,- 422,224. emploving 59,441 wage earners who were paid $13,S(8,950. "The value of the product totalled $79,- 376,262. The cereal crop of 1910 was oats, 4,.599,000 bushels; corn, 44,733,000; wheat, 4,983,000; rye, 40,000. The railway mileage of the state in 1907 was 3,324.41. Charleston has long been one of the leading cities of the South, owing its prosperity largely to its fine harbour. Its imports in 1907 were $3, .528,553; in 1908, $3,375,997; its ex-ports in 1907, $1,082,466, and in 1908, $2,510,965. Columbia, the capital, is on the Congaree River, and its fine water power is used for several large cotton factories. Greenville and Spartanburg manufacture cotton cloth. The banks of the state are in a prosperous condition, and scarcely a town of any consequence is without its banks, either national, state, or private. There is a State Bank Examiner, who regularly watches the operatioas of all these institutions, and a bank fail- ure is rarely chronicled. There are 19 national banks with a capital of .$2,713,000; 143 state banks with a capital of .$6,332,871, and 9 private banks with a capital of $106,000.

Education. — The supervision of public instniction is vested in a state superintendent of education, elected for two years; a state board of education, compo.sed of the governor, the state superintendent of education, and not above seven persons appointed by the governor; a county .sui)erintendent, elected for four years, and, in each county, a county bo:ird of education of three members, one of whom shall be the county superintendent and the other two appointees of the state board, whose terms of office arc two years. The General .Assembly makes pro- vision for the election or appointment of all other necessary school officers, provides a system of free

AL OF South Carolin