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SOCIETY

Ilaly. — In Italy they were expelled from Naples (1820-21); but in 18.36 they were admitted to Lom- bardy. Driven out by the Revolution of 1848 from almost the whole peninsula, they were able to return when peace was restored, except to Turin. Then with the gradual growth of United Italy they were step by step suppressed again by law everywhere, and finally at Rome after 1871. But though for- mally suppressed and unable to keep schools, except on a very smaU scale, the law is so worded that it does not press at every point, nor is it often enforced with acrimony. Numbers do not fall off, and activities increase. In Rome they have charge inter alia of the Gregorian University, the "Institutum Bibli- cum", and the German and Latin-American Colleges.

Germanic Provinces. — Of the Germanic Provinces, that of Austria may be said to have been recom- menced by the immigration of many Poli.>ih Fathers from Russia to Galicia in 1820; and colleges were founded at Tarnopol, Lemberg, Linz (1837), and Innsbruck in 1838, in which they were assigned the theological faculty in 1856. The German province properly so called could at first make foundations only in Switzerland at Brieg (1814) and Freiburg (1818). But after the Sonderburut they were obliged to leave, being then 264 in number (111 priests). They were now able to open several houses in the Rhine provinces, etc., making steady progress till they were ejected during Bismarck's Ktdturka7npf (1872), when they numbered 755 members (3.51 priests). They now count 11.50 (with 574 priests) and are known throughout the world by their many excellent publications. (See Antoniewicz; Deharbe; Hasslacher; Pe.sch; Roh; Spillmann.)

Belgium. — The Belgian Jesuits were unable to return to their coimtry till Belgium was separated from Holland in 1830. Since then they have pros- pered exceedingly. In 1832, when they became a separate province, they numbered 105; at their seventy-five years' jubilee, in 1907, they mmibered 1168. In 1832, two colleges with 167 "students: in 1907, 15 colleges with 7465 students. Congregations of the Blessed Virgin, originally founded by a Belgian Jesuit, still flourish. In Belgium 2529 such con- gregations have been aggregated to the Prima Primaria at Rome, and of these 156 are under Jesuit direction. To say nothing of missions and of retreats to convents, dioceses, etc., the province had six houses of retreats, in which 245 retreats were given to 9840 persons. Belgium supplies the foreign mission of Eastern Bengal and the Diocese of Galle in Ceylon. In the bush-country of Chota Nagpur there began, in 1887, a wonderful movement of the aborigines (Koles and Ouraons) towards the Church, and the Cathohcs in 1907 numbered 137,120 (i. e 62,385 baptized and 74,735 catechumens). Over 35,000 conversions had been made in 1906, owing to the penetration of Christianity into the district of Jashpur. Besides this there are excellent colleges at Darjeeling and at Kurseong; at Kandy in Ceylon the Jesuits have charge of the great pontifical .sem- inary for educating native clergy for the whole of India. In all they have 442 churches, chapels, or stations, 479 schools, 14,467 scholars, with about 167,000 Catholics, and 262 Jesuits, of whom 1.50 are priests. The Belgian Fathers have also a flourishing mission on the Congo, in the districts of Kwango and Stanley Pool, which was begim in 1893; in 1907 the converts already mmibered 31,402.

England. — Nowhere did the Jesuits get through the troubles inevitable to the Interim more ea-sily than in conservative England. The college at Liege con- tinued to train their students in the old traditions, while the English bishops permitted the ex-Jesuits to maintain their mi.ssions and a sort of corporate discipline. But there were difficulties in recognizing the restored order, lest this should impede emanci-

Luis Martin

Twentv-eighth General of the Society

of Jesus

pation (see Roman Catholic Relief Bill), which re- mained in doubt for so many years. Eventually Leo XII on 1 Jan., 1829, declared the Bull of restora- tion to have force in England. After this the Society grew, slowly at first, but more rapidly afterwards. It had 73 members in 1815, 729 in 1910. The princi- pal colleges are Stonyhurst (St. Omers, 1592, migrated to Bruges, 1762, to Liege, 1773, to Stonyhurst, 1794) ; Mount St. Mary's (1842); Liverpool (1842); Beau- mont (1861); Glasgow (1870); Wimbledon, Lon- don (1887); Stamford Hill, London (1894); Leeds (1905). In 1910 the province had in England and Scotland, besides the usual novitiate and houses of study, two houses for re- treats, .50 churches or chapels, at- tended by 148 priests. The congr egations amounted to 97,- 641; baptisms, 3746; confessions, 844,079; Ea.ster confessions, 81,- 065 ; Com mun ions, 1,303,591; con- verts, 725 ; extreme unctions, 1698; marriages, 782; children in ele- mentary schools, 18,328. The Gui- ana mission (19 priests) has charge of about 45,000 souls; the Zam- besi mission (35 priests), 4679 souls. (See also the articles Morris ; Plowdex ; Porter ; Stevenson ;Coleridge ; Harper.)

Ireland. — There were 24 ex-Jesuits in Ireland in 1776, but by 1803 only two. Of these Father O'Cal- laghan renewed his vows at Stonyhurst in 1S03, and he and Father Betagh, who was eventually the last survivor, succeeded in finding some excellent po.stu- lants who made their novitiate in Stonyhurst, their studies at Palermo, and returned between 1812 and 1814, Father Betagh, who had become Vicar-Gen- eral of Dublin, having survived to the year 1811. Father Peter Kenny (d. 1841) was the first superior of the new mission, a man of remarkable eloquence, who when visitor of the Society in America (1830- 1833) preached by invitation before Congress. From 1812-13 he was vice-president of Maynooth College under Dr. Murray, then coadjutor Bishop of Dublin. The College of C'longowes Wood was begun in 1813; Tullabeg in 1818 (now a house of both probations); Dublin (1841): Mungret (Apostohc School, 1883). In 1SS3, too, the Irish bishops entrusted to the Society the Universitv College, Dublin, in connexion with the late Roval University of Ireland. The marked supe- riority "of this college to the richly endowed Queen's Colleges of Belfast, Cork, and Galway contributed much to establish the claim of the Irish Catholics to adequate university education. When this claim had been met by the present National University, the ITniversit vCollegewas returned to the Bishops. Five Fathers now hold teaching posts in the new university, and a hostel for students is being provided. Under the Act of Catholic Emancipation (q. v.) 58 Jesuits were registered in Ireland in 1.S30. In 1910 there were 367 in the province, of whom 100 are in ..Aus- tralia, where they have 4 colleges at and near Mel- bourne and Sydney, and missions in South Australia.

I'niliit Stalls nf Annrira. — Under the direction of Bishop Carroll the members of the Corix)ration of Roman Catholic Clergymen in Maryland were the