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SOCIETY

caused by the Covenanters (q.v.) the persecution of Catholics was renewed. James II favoured them as far as ho rould, appointing Fathers James Forbes and Thomas Patterson chajilains at HoljTOod, where a school was also opened. After the Revolution the Fathers were scattered, but returned, though with diminishing numbers.

History. — A. General. — Mon. historica Soc. Jcsu, ed. Rodeles (Madrid, 1894, in progress); Oriandini (continued in turn by Sacchini, Jouvancy. and Cordara), Hist. Soc. Jesu, lo.',0- 1632 (8 vols, fol., Rome and Antwerp, 1615-1750), and Sup- plement (Rome, 1859); Bahtou. Dell' istoria delta comp. di Gesii (6 vols, fol., Rome, 1663-73); Cretineau-Joly, Hist, de la comp. de Jims (3rd ed., 3 vols., Paris, 1859); B. N., The Jesuits; their Foundation and History (London, 1879); [Wernz], Abriss dcr Getch. der Gesellschaft Jesu (Munster, 1876); Carrez, Atlas geo- graphicus Soc. Jesu (Paris, 1900) ; Heimbucher, Die Orden und Kongregationen der Icatholischen Kirche, III (Paderborn, 1908), 2-258, contains an excellent bibliography; [Qcesnel], Hist, des religieux de la comp. de Jesus (Utrecht, 1741). Non-Catholic: — Steiz-Zockler in Realencycl. fur prot. Theol., s. v. Jesuitenordcn; Hasenmdller, Hist, jesuitici ordinis (Franlcfort, 1593); Hos- PlNlANtJS, Hist, jesuitica (Zurich, 1619).

B. Particular Countries. — Italy. — Tacchi-Venturi, Storia della comp. di G. in Italia (Rome, 1910, in progress); Schinosi AND Santagata, Istoria delta comp. di G. appartenente at regno di Napoli (Naples, 1706-57); Alberti, La SiMia (Palermo, 1702); Aguilera, ProvincitE Siculx Soc. ye.su res gestce (Palermo, 1737^0): Cappelletti. I gesuiti e la republica di Venezia (Ven- ice. 1873); Favaro, Lo studio di Padora e la comp. de G. (Venice, 1877).

Spain. — Astrain, Hist, de la comp. de J. en la asistencia de Espafia (Madrid, 1902, 3 vols., in progress); Alcazar, Chrono- kistoria de la comp. de J. en la provincia de Toledo (Madrid. 1710) ; Prat, Hist, du P. Ribadeneyra (Paris. 1802).

Portugal. — Tellez, Chronica de la comp. de J. na provincia de Portugal (Coimbra, 1645-7); Franco, Synop. annal. Soc. Jesu in Lusitania ab anno I040 ad 1725 (Augsburg, 1726); Teixeira, Docum. para a hist, dos Jesuitas em Portugal (Coimbra, 1899).

France. — Fouqueray, Hist, de la comp. de J. en France (Paris, 191U) ; Cahayox, Docum. ined. concernant la comp. de J. (23 vols., I:u; >'i. ^r. 1; Idem, Les parieme/ifs e( /csjcsui7es (Paris, 1867) ; I I. I 1; n.iurscrvir al'hist. du P. Brouet (Pay. 1885); Idem, /; ^ sur la comp. de J. en France du temps du P. Colon,


 * >, J Lyons, 1876); Idem, Maldonat et Vuniversit^ de Paris

(Paris, ISoG); Donarche, Uuniv. de Paris et les jisuites (Paris, 1888); PlAGET, L'etablissement des jesuites en France I64O-I66O (Leyden, 1893); Chossat, Les jesuites et leurs ctuvres a Avignon (Avignon, 1896).

Germany, etc. — Agricola (continued by Flotto, Kropf), Hist. prov. Soc. Jesu Germania superioris {I54O-I64I) (5 vols.. Augsburg and Munich, 1727-54); Hansen, Rhein. Akten zur Gesch. des Jesuitenordens 1542-82 (1896); Janssen, Hist, of the German People, tr. Christie (London, 1905-10); Duhr, Gesch. der Jesuiten in den Ldndem dcutscher Zunge (Freiburg, 1907) ; Kroebs, Gesch. der bohmischen Prov. der G. J. (Vienna, 1910); Mederer, Annal. Ingolstadiensis academ. (Ingolstadt, 1782); Reiffe.n'berg, Hist. Soc. Jesu ad Uhenum in/eriorem (Cologne, 1764); Argento, De rebus Soc. Jesu in regno Polonite (Cracow, 1620); Pollard, The Jesuits in Poland (Oxford, 1882); Zalenski, Hist, of the Soc. of Jesus in Poland (in Polish, 1896-1906) ; Idem, The Jesuits in White Russia (in Polish, 1874; Fr. tr., Paris. 18S6); PlERLiNG, Antonii Possevinimissio moscovitica (1883) ; Rostowski, Hist. Soc. Jesu Lithuanicarum provincialium (Wilna, 1765); ScHMlDL, Hist. Soc. Jesu prov, Bohemias, 1555-1663 (Prague, 1747-59); Socher, Hist. prov. Austria Soc. Jesu, 1540-1690 (Vienna. 1740); Steinhuber, Gesch. des Coll. Germanicum-Hun- garicum (Freiburg, 1895).

Belgium. — Manare, De rebus Soc. Jesu commentarius, ed. Delplace (Florence, 1886); Waldack, Hist. prov. Flandro-belgi- ca Soc. Jesu anni 1638 (Ghent, 1867).

England, Ireland, Scotland. — Foley, Records of the English Prov. of the Soc. Jesus — includes Irish and Scotch Jesuits (London, 1877) ; Spillmann, Die englischen Mdrtyrer unler Elizabeth bis 1583 (Freiburg, 1SS8) ; Forbes-Leith, Narr. of Scottish Catholics (Edinburgh, 1885); Idem, Mem. of Scot. Cath. (London. 1909); HoGAN, Ibemia Ignatiana (Dublin. 1880); Idem, Distinguished Irishmen of the X VI century (London, 1894) ; Meyer, England und die kath. Kirche unter Elisabeth (Rome, 1910); AIore, Hist, prov. AnglicancB (St^Omer, 1660); Persons, Memoirs, ed. Poi^ LEN in Cath. Record Society, II (Ix)ndon, 1896, 1897), iii; Pollen, Politics of the Eng. Cath. under Elizabeth in The Month (London, 1902-3); Taunton, The Jesuits in England (London, 1901).

M1.SSION8. — No sphere of religious activity is held in greater estcein among the Jesuits than that of the foreign missions; and from the beginning men of the highest gifts, like St. Francis Xavier, have been devoted to this work. Hence perhaps it is that a better idea may bo formed of the Jesuit missions by reading the lives of its great missionaries, which will be found under their respective names (see Index vol.), than from (lie following notice, in which atten- tion has to bo confined lo general topics.

India. — When the Society began, the great colon- izing powers were Portugal and Spain. The career

of St. Francis Xavier (q. v.), so far as its geographical direction and limits were concerned, was largely determined by the Portuguese settlements in the East and the trade routes followed by Portuguese mer- chants. Arriving at Goa in 1542, he evangelized first the western coast and Ceylon, in 1545 he was in Malacca, in 1549 in Japan. At the same time he pushed forward his few assistants and catechists into other centres; and in 1552 set out for China, but died at the year's end on an island off the coast. Xavier's work was carried on, with Goa as headquarters, and Father BarzEeus as successor. Father Antonio Criminali, the first martyr of the Society, had suffered in 1549, and Father iVfendez followed in 1552. In 1579 Blessed Rudolph Acquaviva visited the Court of Akbar the Great, but without permanent effect. The great impulse of conversions came after Ven. Robert de Nobih (q. v.) declared himself a Brahmin Sannjdsi, and lived the life of the Brahmins (1606). At Tanjore and elsewhere he now made immense numbers of converts, who were allowed to keep the distinctions of their castes, with many religious cus- toms; which, however, were eventually (after much controversy) condemned by Benedict XIV in 1744. This condemnation produced a depressing effect on the mission, though at the very time Fathers Lopez and Acosta with singular heroism devoted them- selves for life to the service of the Pariahs. The Sup- pression of the Society, which followed soon after, completed the desolation of a once prolific missionary field. (See Malabar Rites.) From Goa too were organized missions on the cast coast of Africa. The Abyssinian mission under Fathers Nunhes, Oviedo, and Paes lasted with varied fortunes for over a cen- tury, 1555-1690 (see Abyssinia, I, 76). The mis- sion on the Zambesi under Fathers Silveira, Acosta, and Fernandez was but short-lived; so too was the work of Father Govea in Angola. In the seventeenth century the missionaries penetrated into Tibet, Fathers Desideri and Freyre reaching Lhasa. Others pushed out in the Persian mission from Ormus as far as Ispahan. About 1700 the Persian missions counted 400,000 Catholics. The southern and eastern coasts of India, with Ceylon, were comprised after 1610 in the separate province of Malabar, with an independent French mission at Pondicherry. Malabar numbered forty-seven missionaries (Por- tuguese) before the Suppression, while the French missions counted 22. (See Hanxleden.)

Japan. — The Japanese mission (see Japan, VIII, 306) gradually developed into a province, but the seminary and seat of government remained at Macao. By 1582 the number of Christians was estimated at 200,000 with 250 churches and 59 missionaries, of whom 23 were priests, and 26 Japanese had been ad- mitted to the Society. But 1587 saw the beginnings of persecution, and about the same period began the rivalries of nations and of competing orders. The Portuguese crown had been assumed by Spain, and Spanish merchants introduced Spanish Dominicans and Franciscans. Gregory XIII at first forbade this (28 Jan., 1585), but Clement VIII and Paul V (12 December, 1600; 11 June, 1608) relaxed and repealed the prohibition; and the persecution of Taico-sama quenched in blood whatever discontent might have arisen in consequence. The first great slaughter of 26 mi.^sionarios at Nagasiiki took place on 5 Feb., 1597. Then came fifteen years of comparative peace, and gradually the number of Christians rose to about 1,800,000 and the Jesuit missionaries to 140 (63 priests). In 1612 the persecution broke out again, increasing in severity till 1622, when over 120 mar- tyrs suffered. The ''great martyrdom" took place on 20 September, when Blessed Charles Spmola (q. V.) suffered with represontat ives of the Dominicans and the Franciscans. For the twenty ensuing years the massacre continued without mercy, all Jesuits