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RIPON

Rio de Janeiro. See Sao Sebastiao, Archdio- cese OF.

Rio Negro, Prefecture Apostolic of, in Brazil, bounded on the south by a hne running westwards from the confluence of the Rio Negro and Rio Branco along the watershed of the Rio Negro to Colombia, separating the new prefecture from those of Teff6 and Upper SoUmOes., and the See of Amazones (from which it was separated by a Decree of the Sacred Congregation of the Consistory, 19 Oct., 1910), on the west by Colombia, on the north by Colombia and Venezuela, on the east by the territorj^ of Rio Branco. The whit^ population is small, and confined to the few \-illages along the banks of the Rio Negro. As early as 165S a Jesuit Father, Francisco Gonsales, established a mission among the natives of the Upper Rio Negro, and traces of the work of the Jesuit mis- sionaries still exist in the scattered villages. Two years later a Carmelite, Father Theodosius, evan- gehzed the Tucumaos. The Franciscans laboured among the Indians from 1870 and had seven stations on the Rio Uaup^s (Tariana Indians), four on the Rio Tikie (Toccana Indians), and one on the Rio Papuri (Macu Indians), but on the fall of the empire most of the missions were abandoned, though some of them were re-established later.

A. A. MacErlean.

Riordan, Patrick William. See San Francisco, Archdiocese of.

Ripalda, Jcan MartIxez de, theologian, b. at Pamplona, Navarre, 1594; d. at Madrid, 26 April, 1648. He entered the Society of Jesus at Pamplona in 1609. In the triennial reports of 1642 he saj^s of him.self that he was not physically strong, that he had studied religion, arts, and theology, that he had taught grammar one year, arts four, theolog}^ nine- teen, and had been professed. According to South- well, he taught philosophy at Monforte, theology at Salamanca, and was called from there to the Imperial College of Madrid, where, by royal decree, he taught moral theologj'. Later he was named censor to the Inquisition and confessor of de Olivares, the favourite of Philip IV. whom he followed when he was exiled from Madrid. Southwell describes his character by saying that he was a good religious, not«d for his innocence. Mentally he qualifies him Bls subtle in argument, sound in opinion, keen-edged and rlfar in exfjrc.ssion, and wcll-vcr.sfd in St. Augus- tine and St. Thomas. According to Drews, no Jesuit ever occupied this chair in the University of Sala- manca with more honour than he, and I lurter places him, with Lugo, first among the contemporary theo- logians of Spain, and perhaps of all Europe. Among the numerous thc-ological opinions which characterize him the following are worth citing: (1) He thinks that the creation of an intrinsically supernatural sub- stance is possible, in other words, that a creature is possible to which supernatural grace, with the ao- comnanying gift« and intuitive vision, is due. (2) He rioKlH that, by a positive decree of God, super- natural graw; is conferred, in the existing providence, for *'ver>' gofxi acX whatsoever; so that (very good a<;t is supernatural, or at least that (!very natural good act is accompanied by another which is 8uy)er- natural. (3j He maintains that, prescinding from the extrinsic Divine law, and taking mto account only the nature of things, the supernatural faith which is callwl Inlfi would be HufTuient for iustification, that faith, namely, which comes In' the contemplation of creat*,-*] thing.4, though assent is not jjroduced with- out grace. (4) He affinnH that in the promissory revelations the formal object of faith is God's faith- fulness to His promises, the constancy of His will, and the efficacy of omnipotence. (5) He asserts that all the propositions of Baius were (on- demned for doctrine according to the Bcnue in which

he (Baius) held them. (6) He maintains that the Divine maternity of the Blessed Virgin Mary is of itself a sanctifying form. The following are his works: "De ente supernaturaU disputationes in imiversam theologiam, three vols., I (Bordeaux, 1634), II (Lyons, 1645), III, written "AdversusBa- janos" (Cologne, 1648); rare editions like that of Lyons, 1663, have been published of the two first volumes. It is a classic work in which he included questions which are not included in ordinary theologi- cal treatises. His third volume was attacked in an anonymous work, "P. Joannis Martinez. . . Vulpes capta per theologos. . . Academiaj Lovaniensis", which Reusch says was the work of Sinnich. "Ex- positio brevis littera? Magistri Sententiarum" (Sala- manca, 1635), praised by the Calvinist Voet. "Trac- tatus theologici et scholastici dc virtutibus, fide, spe et charitate" (Lyons, 1652), a i)ost humous work and very rare. Two new editions of all his works have been issued: Vives (8 vols., Paris, 1871-3), Palm6 (4 vols., Paris, Rome, Propaganda Fide, 1870-1). "Discurso sobre la elecci6n de sucessor del ponti- ficado en vida del pontifi(e" (Seville). Uriarte says this work was published in Aragon, perhaps in Huesca, with the anagram of Martin Jir6n de Palazeda, writ- ten by order of the Count de Olivares. The following are in manuscript: "De visione Dei" (2 vols.); "De prsedestinatione"; "De angelis et auxiliis"; "De voluntate Dei" — preserved in the University of Salamanca; "Discurso acerca de la ley de desafio y parecer sobre el desafio de Medina Sidonia d Juan de Braganza", preserved in the Biblioteca Nacional.

SocTHWELL, Biblioteca scriptorum S. J. (Rome, 1670), 478; Antonio, Bibliotheca fiixpaim nova, I (Madrid, 1783), 736; HuRTER, Nomenclator, I (Innsbruck, 1892), 381; Sommervogel, Bibliolheque, V., col. 640; Bioyrafia eclesidstica completa, XXII (Madrid, 1864), 179.

Antonio Perez Goyena.

Ripatransone, Diocese of (Ripanensis), in Ascoli Piceiu), Central Italy. The city is situated on five hills, not far from the site of ancient Cupra Marit- tima. The modern name comes from Ripa trans Asonem, "the other bank of the A,sonc". A castle was erected there in the early Middle Ages, and en- larged later by the bishops of Fermo, who had several conflicts with the people. In 1571 St. Pius V made it an episcopal see, naming as its first bishop Cardinal Lucio Sasso and including in its jurisdiction .small por- tions of the surrounding Dioceses of Fermo, Ascoli, and Teramo. Noteworthy' bishops were : Cardinal Filippo Sega (1575); Gaspare Sillingardi (1582), afterwards Bishop of Modena, employed by Alfon.so II of Ferrara on various missions to Rome and to Spain, eff'ected a revival of religious life in Ripatransone; Gian Carlo Gcntili (1845), historian of Sanseverino and Ripa- transone; Alessandro Spoglia (1860-67), not recog- nized by the Government. Th(! cathedral is the work of Gaspare Guerra and has a b(autiful marble altar with a triptych by Crivelli; th(> church of the Madonna dr-l Carmine; po.ssesses i)ictures of the Raphael School. The diocese, at first dir(!ctly subj(!ct to the Holy See, has been suffragan of Fermo since 1680.

Cappeli-etti. Lr chiiKC d' Italia, III (Venice, 1857); Annuaire pontifical aitholique (Parb, 1911), b. v.

U. Beniqni.

Ripon, Marquess of, George Frederick Samuel Robinson, K.G., P.C, G.C.S.I., F.R.S., Earl de Grey, Earl of Ripon, Viscount Goderich, Baron Grant- ham, and barrjiiet ; !>. at the prime minister's resi- dence, 10 Downing Street, London, 24 Oct., 1827; d. 9 July, 1909. He was the second son of Frederick John Robinson, Vi.scount Goderich, afterwards first Earl of Ripon, and Lady Sarah Albinia Louisa, daughter of Robert, fourth Earl of Buckinghamshire; and he was bom during his father's brief tenure of the office of prime minister. Before entering public life