Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 13.djvu/855

 SIENA

781

SIENA

to construct a fortress for the Spanish garrison, whereupon they sought the aid of France, which sent a garrison of its own, so that the Spanish and Floren- tine troops abandoned the city. But Cosimo de' Medici was unwilling to relinquish his prey. In- dignant because the command of the garrison had been given to Pietro Strozzi, a Florentine rebel, he invaded the territory of the Republic in 1554, and after several successful encounters, laid siege to the city, which surrendered, 17 April, 1555. Montacino, Chiusi, and Grosseto maintained themselves for a few years longer, but in 1559, under the terms of the Peace of Cambrai, the French troops departed. Thus the Medici acquired finally the large territory now divided between the Provinces of Siena and Grosseto. Orbetello alone was given to Spain. The Sienese soon accommodated themselves to the new regime, which left them much autonomy.

Among the renowned natives of Siena were Alexander III, Pius II, Pius III, Alexander VII; the hermits St. Galgano (1181) and St. Giacomo (eleventh century); St. Catarina Benincasa, St. Bernardino Albizzeschi, and St. Ambrogio Sansedoni. The heretics Socinus and Ochino were born at Siena. As first apostle of the Christian faith, Siena venerates St. Ansanus who suffered martyrdom under Diocle- tian. Bishop "Florianus a Sinna", present at the Council of Rome (313) is claimed by Siena as its first bishop, also by other cities of Italy. The first bishop of certain date was Eusebius (465). The Lombard invasion interrupted the episcopal succe.ssion in Siena; it was restored in 635 with Bishop Maurus, when Rotharis rebuilt the city. In 713 commenced the controversy concerning jurisdiction over certain lands between the bishops of Siena and Arezzo, which lasted for three centuries (712-1029). The bishops of Siena (Adeodatus in 713, Ausifredus (752), Cantius (853), Lupis (881), Leo (1029) claimed ec- clesiastical authority over all territory within political limits of the republic. The struggle was decided in favour of Arezzo. Other Sienese bishops were Giovanni (1058), founder of the monastery of Monte Cellese, St. Rodolfo (1068), Gualfredus (10S3), author and poet; Buonfiglio (1215) who opposed the heretical Patarini and reformed the clergy; Bernardo (1273) brother of B. Andrea Gallerani, founder of the hosjjital and brotherhood of the Misericordia (d. 1251 ) ; Ruggero di Casale, O.P. (1307), a learned theologian active against the Fraticelli, who in 1314 excommuni- cated tlie entire convent of Franciscans at Siena; Azzolino Malavolti (1357), who obtained from Charles IV privileges for the University. In 1384 the canons exercised for the last time their right to elect the bi.shop, the election not being confirmed. In 1407 Gregory XII residing at Rome named as bishop his nephew Gabriele Condulmer, afterwards Eugene IV. Pius II, a former Bishop of Siena (1449), made the see an archbishopric in 1459. The first archbishop was Cardinal Francesco Nanni Todeschioi Piccolomini (afterwards Pius III), suc- ceeded in 1503 by his nephew Cardinal Giovanni Todeschini. Francesco Brandini held the see from 1529 to 1588; Francesco M. Targui (1597), reformer and friend of St. Philip Neri, was bishop in 1597; Metello Bichi founded the seminary in 1613. Ales- sandro Petrucci (1615), emulating St. Charles Borromeo, was active in reforming the convents of women. Leonardo Marsili (1684) was much op- posed by the comune and by the Grand Duke of Tuscany. Cardinal Felice Zondadari (1795-1823) suffered exile in France in 1809; Enrico Bindi (1871) was a man of letters. The suffragans of Siena are Chiusi and Pienza, Gros.seto, Massa Marittima, Sovana, and Pitigliano. The archdiocese has one hundred and fourteen parishes, two hundred and twenty secular and seventy regular clergy, with 85,000 souls; 9 monasteries for men; 8 convents for women;

4 houses of education for boys and 5 for girls. There are four Catholic periodicals.

Siena, Council of (1423). — It was decreed in the Council of Constance that five years later another council should be called. In fact Martin V summoned it for Pavia, where it was inaugurated on 23 April, 1423. The general session had not yet begun when the pestilence broke out at Pavia, for which reason the transfer of the Council to Siena was decreed. The procedure of the Council was almost identical with that at Constance. Certain formalities of safe con- duct issued by the city for the members of the Coun- cil were the cause of friction with the pope. On the eighth of November four decrees were pubUshed: against the Hussites and the WycUfites; against

Church of m. t Occupying the hou-o

those who continued the schism of Benedict XIII; on the postponement of the negotiation with the Greek schismatics, and on greater vigilance against heresy. Galilean proposals of reform were produc- tive of discord with the French. On 19 February, 1424, Basle was selected as the place of the nex-t Council. On 20 February the dissolution of the Council was decreed, but the Decree was not pubHshed until 7 March. The French would have preferred to continue the Council until the "reform" of the church "in capite et in rnemhris" (in its head and its members) had been accomplished, but whether to avoid a new schism, or on account of fear of the pope (since Siena was too near the Papal States), they de- parted. The magistrates of Siena took care not to let anyone depart until he had paid his debts.

Cappelletti, Le chiese d' Italia; Pecci, Storia del vescovado della citta di Siena (Lucca, 1748); Lusini, II capitolo delta metropolitana di Siena (Siena, 1893); Idem, Iconfini storicidel ves- covado di Siena (Siena, 1895); Malavolti, Historia di fatti e guerre de' sanesi dalV origine at 1555 (Venice, 1599); Tomasius in MuRATORi, Rerum italicarum, XX; Ricci, Siena in Italia artistica (Bergamo, 1905) ; Richter, Siena: Beruhmte Kunstst&tten (Leip- zig, 1901); MiLANEsi, Documenti per la storia dell arte senete, III (Siena, 1854-56); Bulletino della Societd di Storia Patria di Siena. \J, BeNIGNI.

University of Siena. — The earliest notices of an advanced school (of grammar and medicine) at Siena