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 SHANAHAN

752

SHAN-TUNG

posite of Hillel in character and teaching. Stern and severe in living the law to the letter, he was strict to an extreme in legal interpretation. The tale tells that, on the feast of the Tabernacles, his daughter-in- law gave birth to a child; straightway Shammai had the roof broken through and the bed covered over with boughs, so that the child might celebrate the feast in an improvised sukka (tent or booth) and might not fail of keeping the law of Leviticus (xxiii, 42). The strictness of the master characterises the school of Shammai as opposed to tiiat of Hillel. The dif- ference between the two schools had regard chiefly to the interpretation of the first, second, third and fifth parts of the "Mishna" — i. e. to reUgious dues, the keeping of the Sabbath and of holy days, the laws in regard to marriage and purification. The law, for example, to prepare no food on the Sabbath had to be observed by not allowing even the beast to toil; hence it was argued that an egg laid on the Sabbath might not be eaten (Eduyoth, iv, 1). Another de- bate was whether, on a holy day, a ladder might be borne from one dove-cote to another or should only be ghded from hole to hole. The need of fringes to a Unen night-dress was likewise made a matter of dif- ference between the two schools (Eduyoth, iv, 10). In these and many other discussions we find much straining out of gnats and swallowing of camels (Matt., xxiii, 24), much pain taken to push the Mosaic law to an unbearable extreme, and no heed given to the practical reform which was really needed in Jewish morals. It was the method of the school of Shammai rather than that of Hillel which Christ condemned. On this account non-Catholic scholars generally make Him out to have belonged to the school oi Hillel. This opinion has been shared in by a few Catholics (Gigot, "General Introduction to the Study of the Holy Scripture", New York, 1900, p. 422). Most Catholic exegetes, however, refuse to admit that Christ belonged to any of the fallible Jewish schools of interpretation. He established His own school — to wit, the infaUible teaching body to which He gave the Old Testament to have amd to keep and to interpret to all nations without error.

ScHURER, The Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ, I (Ed- inburgh, 1885), 361; Gratz, Geschichte der Juden, III (3rd ed., Berlin, 1875), 671 (tr. Pliiladelphia. 1873).

Walter Drum Shanahan, JohnW. SeeHARRisBURG, Diocese of.

Shan-si, Vicariate Apcstolic of Northern. — The Faith was carried for the first time into the Province of Shan-si, Northern China, by the Jesuit and Franciscan Fathers during the sixteenth cen- tury. At first the province was under the juris- diction of the bishops of Peking; in 1698 it was erected, with the Province of Shen-si, a vicariate Apostolic by Innocent XII. From 1762 to 1838 the two Provinces of Hu-pe and Hu-nan were added to the same vicariate. On 17 June, 1890, the Vicariate Apostolic of Shan-si was divided into two mis- sions: Northern and Southern Shan-si. In 1900 the notorious Yu-Hion ordered a wholesale massacre of mLs.sionaries, both Catholic and Prot(!stant, at T'ai- yuan-fu. Gregorio Grassi, vicar Apostolic, his coad- jutor Franci-sco Fogolla, Fathers Facchini, Saccani, Theodoric Balat, Egide, Brother Andrew Baur, seven Franciscan Sisters of Mary, several native priests, and many Christians were massacred. The vica- riate Apostolic has 6,000,000 inhabitants. The mis- sion is entrusted to the Franciscan Fathers. The present vicar Apostolic is the Right Rev. Eugene Maasi, who resides at T'ai-yuan.

In 1904 the Catholic community numbered : 11 Eurojwan Franciscan Fathers; 14 nativ*; priests; 14,- 700 Catholics; 2.500 catechumens. In 1910 there were: 1.5 European Franciscan Fathers; 16 native priests; 24 churches; 1.54 chapels; 269 stations; 2 Beminaries, with 33 students; 150 schools for boys, with

900 pupils; 20 schools for girls, with 200 pupils; 1 asylum for old men, with 118 inmates; 6 orphanages, with 609 inmates; 10 Franciscan Sisters of Mary; 18,200 Cathohcs; 7302 catechumens.

Missioncs Catholiccc (Rome, 1907). V. H. MONTANAR.

Shan-si, Vicariate Apostolic of Southern, erected in 1890; there are about 6,000,000 inhabi- tants; the mission is entrusted to the Franciscan Fathers. The present vicar Apostolic is the Rt. Rev. Mgr.OdericTimmer, titular Bishop of Drusipare, born IS October, 1859, consecrated 20 July, 1901. He resides at Lu-an-fu. In 1903 the mission numbered: 21 European Franciscan Fathers; 5 native priests; 10,300 Catholics; 9,200 catechumens; 94 churches and chapels. In 1910 there were: 24 European Francis- can Fathers; 6 native priests; 15,003 Catholics; 9,230 catechumens; 183 churches and chapels

Missiones Catholicm (Rome, 1907). V. H. MoNTANAR.

Shan-tung, Vicariate Apostolic of Eastern. — This mission was separated in 1894 from Northern Shan-Tung and erected into a vicariate Apostolic. It includes the three civil Prefectures of Yen-Chu-Fu, Lai-Chu-Fu, and Teng-Chu-Fu. There are about 10,000,000 inhabitants. The chmate is very healthy. On Nov., 1897, two German missionaries. Fathers Francis Xavier Nies and Richard Henle, were at- tacked and massacred in the village of Chang-Kia- Chwang. This double murder led to the occupation of Kiao-Chau on 14 Nov., 1897, by the German fleet. In 1899 the territory occupied by the German Gov- ernment was separated from Eastern Shan-Tung and confided to the mission of Southern Shan-Tung. The Vicariate Apostolic of Eastern Shan-Tung is en- trusted to the Franciscan Fathers. The actual vicar Apostolic is Rt. Rev. Mgr. Caesarius Schang, titular Bishop of Vaga, b. 3 July, 1835, appointed 22 May, 1894. He resides at Che-Fu. In 1904 the mission had: 16 European Franciscan Fathers; 3 native priests; 9400 Catholics; 10, .500 catechumens; and 145 churches and chapels. In 1909 there were: 17 European Fran- ciscan Fathers; 2 European secular priests; 3 na- tive priests; 9900 Catholics; 11,700 catechumens; 13 churches; 138 chapels; 350 stations; 1 seminary with 5 students; 1 preparatory seminary, with 27 students; 30 schools for boys, with 622 pupils; 24 schools for girls, with 435 pupils; 2 colleges for boys, with 140 students; 1 college for girls, with 25 students; 2 industrial schools, with 154 pupils; 3 hospitals; 3 orphanages, with 195 orphans; 30 sisters of the Franciscan Mis- sionaries of Mary.

Missiones CatholiccE (Rome, 1907). V. H. MoNTANAR.

Shan-tung, Vicariate Apostolic of Northern, erect (>(1 by Gregory XVI in 1839. The first vi(ar Apostolic was Louis de Besi, formerly Pro-Vicar of Hu-pe and Hu-nan. This vicariate Apostolic had to undergo many wars and persecutions. In 1885 it was divided into Northern and Southern Shan-tung; in 1894, the Vicariate Apostolic of Eastern Shan-tung was erected. The Vicariate Apostolic of Northern Shan-tung enjoys a salubrious and temperate climate; it numbers 11,000,000 inhabitants, and is entrusted to the Franciscan Fathers. The present vicar Apostolic is the lit. Rev. Mgr. Ephrem Giesen, titular Bishop of Paltus, born 16 October, 1868, consecratcni 8 July, 1902. He resides at Tsi-nan-fu. In 1904 the mis- sion numbered: 11 iMiropeaii Fnincisciiii I'litliers; IS native priests; 1S, Catliolics; i:',,9{) (■.•ili-ciiumens; and 134 churches and chapels. In 1910 there were: 29 European Franciscan Fathers; 19 native priests; 28,000 Catholics; 20,000 catechumens; 187 churches and chapels.

Missiones Catholica: (Rome, 1907). V. H. MoNTANAR.

Shan-tung, Vicariate Apostolic of Southern. — On 2 Jan., 1882, the then Vicar Apostolic of Shan- tung, Rt. Rev. Mgr. D. Cosi, elected as pro-vicar