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 SERVUS

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SESSA-AURUNCA

the efforts of Fathers Bosio and Morini. The latter, having gone to London (1864) as director of the affihated Sisters of Compassion, obtained charge of a parish from Archbishop Manning in 1867. His work prospered: besides St. Mary's Priory at London, convents were opened at Bognor (1882) and Begbroke (1886). In 1870 Fathers Morini, Ventura, Giribaldi, and Brother Joseph Camera, at the request of Rt. Rev. Bishop Melcher of Green Bay, took up amission in America, at Neenah, Wisconsin. Father Morini founded at Chicago (1874) the monastery of Our Lady of Sorrows. A novitiate was opened at Gran- ville, Wisconsin, in 1892. The American province, formally estabUshed in 1908, embraces convents in the dioceses of Chicago, St. Louis, Milwaukee, Su- perior, and Denver. In 1910 the order numbered 700 members in 62 monasteries, of which 36 were in Italy, 17 in Austria-Hungary, 4 in England, 4 in North America, 1 in Brussels.

Devotions: Manner of Life. — In common with all reUgious orders strictly so called, the Servites make solemn profession of the three vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. The particu- lar object of the order is to sanctify first its own members, and then all men through devotion to the Mother of God, especially in her desolation during the Pas.sion of her Divine Son. The Servites give missions, have the care of souls, or teach in higher institutions of learning. The Rosary of the Seven Dolours is one of their devotions, as is also the Via Matris. The fasts of the order are Advent, Lent, and the vigils of certain feasts. All offices in the order are elective and continue for three years, except that of general and a.ssist ant-generals which are for six years. The canonized Servite saints are: St. Philip Bciiizi (f(!ast 23 Aug. ), St. Peregrine Latiosi (30 April), St. Juliana Falconieri (19 June), and the Seven Holy Founders (12 Feb.).

Affiliated Associations. — Connected with the first order of men are the cloistered nuns of the second order, which originated with converts of St. Philip Benizi. These sisters have convents in Spain, Italy, England, The Tyrol, and Germany. The Mantellate, a third order of women founded by St. Juliana (see Mary, Servants of), have houses in Italy, France, Spain, England, and Canada. In the United States they are to be found in the dioceses of Sioux City and Bel- ville. There is also a third order for seculars, as well as a confraternity of the Seven Dolours, branches of which may be crcctcKl in any church.

Servites of Distinction. — A few of the most dis- tinguished members are here grouped under the heading of that particular subject to which they were especially devoted ; the dates are those of their death. Ten mem- bers have been canonized and several beatified. Sacred Scripture. — Angelus Torsani (1.562?); Felicianus Capi- toni (1577), who wrote an explanation of all the pass- ages misinterpreted by Luther; Jerome Quaini (1583) ; Angelus Montursius (1600), commentary in ,5 vols.; James Tavanti (1607), whose "Ager Dominicus" com- prises 25 vols.; Juhus Anthony Roboredo (1728). Theology. — Laurence Opimus (1380), "Commentar- ium in Magistrum Sententiarum"; Ambrose Spiera (14.54) ; Marian Salvini (1476) ; Jerome Amidei (1543); Laurence Mazzocchi (1560); Gherardus Baldi (1660), who was styled by his contemporaries "eminens inter thcologos"; Amideus Chiroli (1700?), celebrated for his "Lumina fidei divinae"; Juhus Arrighetti (1705); CaUixtus Lodigerius (1710); Gerard Capassi (1737), who was by Benedict XIV called the most learned man of his day; Mark Struggl (1761); Caesar Sguanin (1769). Canon Law. — Paul Attavanti (1499), "Breviarium totius juris canonici"; Dominic Brancaccini (1689), "De jure doctoratus"; PaulCanciani (1795?), "Barbarorum leges antiquae"; Theodore Rupprecht, eighteenth-centurv jurist; Bon- fihus Mura (1SS2), prefect of the Sapienza before 1870. XIII.— 47

Philosophy and Matfiematics. — Urbanus Averroista, commentator of Averroes; Andrew Zaini (1423); Paul Albertini (1475), better known as Paolo Veneto ; Philip Mucagatta (1511); John Baptist Drusiani (1656), the "Italian Archimedes"; Benedict Canali (1745); Raymond Adami (1792); Angelus Ventura (1738). History and Hagioqraphy. — James Philip Landrofilo (1528); Octavian Bagatti (1566); Raphael Maffei (1577); Archangelus Giani (1623); Philip Ferrari (1626); Archangelus Garbi (1722); Placidus Bonfrizi- eri (1732); Joseph Damiani (1842); Austin M. Morini (1910). Fine Arts. — Alexander Melhno (1554) choir- master at the Vatican ; Ehas Zoto, John Philip Dreyer (1772); Paul Bonfichi, who received a pension from Napoleon Bonaparte for his musical compositions; Ambrose of Racconigi, Cornehus Candidus, Jilis of Milan, Germanus Sardus, poets; Arsenius Mascagni and Gabriel Mattel, painters; Angelus Montursius (1563), architect and sculptor, among whose works are the Neptune of Messina, the arm of Laocoon in the Vatican, and the Angels on the Ponte Sant' Angelo.

Mon. ord. Serv. (Brussels, 1897) ; Gianni-Garbi, Annates ord, serv. (Lucca, 1725); Poccianti, Chronicon ord. serv. (Florence, 1557) ; Sporr, Lebensbilder aus den Serm'ten-Orden (Innsbruck, 1892); Soulier, Storia dei sette xanti fondatori (Rome, 1888); Idem, Vie de S. Philippe Benizi (Paris, 1886); Lbpicier, Sainte Julienne Falconieri (Brussels, 1907) ; Ledoctx, Hist, dei sept saints fondateurs (Paris, 1888); Dourche, Roses el marguerites (Brussels, 1905). PaTICK J. GriFFIN.

Servus servorum Dei, (servant of the ser- vants OF God), a title given by the popes to them- selves in documents of note. Gregory the Great waa the first to use it extensively, and he was imitated by his successors, though not invariably till the ninth century. John the Deacon states (P. L., LXXV, 87) that Gregory assumed this title as a lesson in humility to John the Faster. Prior to the controversy with John (595), addressing St. Leander in April, 591, Gregory employed this phrase, and even as early as 587, according to Ewald ("N-eues Archiv fiir altere deutsche Geschichtskunde", III, 545, a. 1878), while still a deacon. A Bull of 570 begins: "Joannes (III) Episcopus, servus servorum Dei". Bishops actuated by humility, e. g. St. Boniface [Jaffe, "Monum. Mogun." in "Biblioth. Rer. Germ.", Ill (Berlin, 1866), 157, 177 etc.), and the archbishops of Bene- vento; or by pride, e. g. the archbishops of Ravenna as late as 1122 [Muratori, "Antiq. Ital.", V (Milan 1741), 177; "Dissertazioni", II, dis.scr. 36]; and even civil rulers, e. g. Alphonsus II, King of Spain (b. 830), and Emperor Henry III (b. 1017), applied the term to themselves. Since the twelfth century it is used exclusively by the pope. (See Bulls and Briefs.)

Du Canoe, Glossarium med. et inf. lat.

Andrew B. Meehan.

Sessa-Aurunca, Diocese of (Suessana), in Campania, Province of Caserta (Southern Italy). The city is situated on a hill in the midst of a fertile plain, and possesses a large and beautiful cathedral, built in 1113. A city of the Aurunci, it became a Roman colony 313 b.c. It was the birthplace of the poet Lucilius and of the philosopher Agostino Nifo. Local legend relates that the Faith was preached in Suessa (the Latin name of the city) by St. Peter him- self. The inhabitants venerate as patron saint their Bishop, St. Castus, a martyr at the end of the third century. There still remain ruins of the ancient basilica dedicated to him, with which catacombs are still connected (cf. " Nuovo Bullettino d' Archeologia Cristiana", 1897, p. 140). The first bishop of cer- tain date was Fortunatus (499); but until the end of the tenth century the names of the bishops are un- known. Of the others we mention: Erveo (1171), who rendered great services to the city; Pandulfo (1224), who donated the pulpit, adorned with mosaics, in the cathedral; Giovanni (1259), who embellished