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SCYTHOPOLIS

resents the German influence, of F. W. Ruckstuhl, and Carl Bitter, whose decorative work is celebrated, and of Paul Bartlett, the sculptor of the La Fay(>tto statue in Paris. The most important of the animal sculptors are the late Edward Kemys, whose spe- cialty was native American wild animals, E. C. Potter, and A. C. Proctor, who has also portrayed the American Indian; but the most powerful sculptor of the Indian is C>TUS E. Dallin. The two most characteristically American of the younger men are both from the West; Solon H. Borglum, the sculptor of the Indian, the cowboy, and the bronco, and George Gray Barnard, whose strong and simple art unites great breadth with an ideal characterization. There has been little op- portunity for ecclesiastical sculpture in the United States; the most important commission was the three portals of St. Bartholomew's Church, New York, completed in 1904; the central portal and frieze by D. C. French and Andrew O'Connor, the others by Herbert Adams and Philip Martiny. These very pro- fuse decorations are excellent from the modern point of view, but too little subordinated to the architecture to be monumental. The sculptures of the Anglican Cathedral of St. John the Divine, New York, by Gut- zon Borglum are noteworthy.

.Speelmaxx, British Sculpture of To-day (London, 1901); Chancellor, Lives of the British Sculptors (London, 1911); TrcKERMAN, Book of the Artists (New York, 1870); Clarke, Great American Sculptors (Philadelphia, s. d.); Hartmann, Modern American Sculpture (New York, a. d.); Caffin, Masters of American Sculpture (New York, 1903) ; Taft, Hist, of American Sculpture (New York, 1903).

George Kriehn.

Scupi. See Scopia, Archdiocese of.

Scutari, Archdiocese of (Scutarensis). — The first known bishop was Bassus (387). The bishops of Scutari were at first subject to the Metropolitan of Salonica, Primate of all Illyricum, but when Justinian I transferred the primacy to Achrida, they became suffragans of the latter see. In the early Aliddle Ages Scutari was suffragan of Dioclea. From the seventh to the middle of the twelfth century no bishop is known. Among its best-known bishops are: Francis II de Sanctis (1471-1491); Fra Dominicus Andrijasevic (d. at Rome in 1G39), a famous theolo- gian and philosopher, friend of Gregory XV and of Urban VIII; Dominicus II Babic (1677-1G86); An- tonius III de Nigris (1693-1702), martyred in 1702 by the Turks. In 1867 Scutari was ceque prin- cipaliler united with the Archdiocese of Antivari, and in this way Pius IX made Scutari an archdiocese and metropolis. The first archbishop of the united diocese, Mgr. Charles Pooten, native of Teveran near Aachen, who had been Apostolic Administrator of Antivari (1834-185.5), died at Scutari on 15 January, 1886. From 1063 to 1886 only 53 bi.shops of Scutari are known. On 23 October, 1886, the Archdiocese of Scutari was separated from that of Antivari, and remained an archdiocese and a metropolis with three suffragans: Ale.ssio, Sappa, and Pulati. The ancient See of Ulcinium, in the territory of Scutari, was in 1571 occupied by the Turks and ceased to exist, for no Christians remained. During the existence of Ulcinium, its bishops were suffragans of the Metro- politan of Antivari or of that of Dioclea. About the middle of the sixteenth century the ancient See of Suacium was forever 8uppre.s.sed. Other ancient sees in this territory were the Sees of Dinnastrum and Balazum.

The Archdiocese of Scutari comprises 29 parishes, of which 8 are held by Franciscans, and has a Catholic population of about 33,8(J7. Its present metropolitan ifl Mgr. Pa.schalis Guerini, b. at Pezzagno in Dalmatia, 21 May, 1821; ordained priest on 27 June, 1848; appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Scutari and titular Bishop of Paphos on 6 May. 1879; elected as Metro- politan and Archbishop of Scutari on 23 November, 1886. The episcopal residence is at Scutari. The

Archdiocese of Scutari has a Collegium Pontificium Albaniense founded as a central seminary (1853) by the Holy Sec. Burned and again destroyed by the Turks, it was reopened in 1859, the Emperor of Austria, Francis Joseph I, bearing two-tliirds of the expense. The Austrian Government supported at first fifteen seminarians, now twenty-four; Propaganda supports ten; the remaining eleven are at the charge of their bishops. It is administered by the Jesuits. A pre- paratory school, the Collegium S. Francisci Xaverii, was opened in 1841 by the Jesuits, to which in 1868, by the wish of Pius IX, a course of philosophy was added and later a trade-school (Handelsschule). The Franciscans have a college or so-called probandat at Scutari and a novitiate at Rubigo. The Scolopii have an orphanage for boys, and there is also an or- phanage for poor girls. There are Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul, and four Catholic elementary schools. The Franciscans have hospices at Ar- ramadhe-Scutari and at Kastrati, and a monastery at Scutari. The schools and colleges are sustained mostly by the Propaganda and by the Austrian Government.

Farlati, Illyricum sacrum, VII, 304-334; Gams, Series episcoporum Eccl. Cath. (Ratisbon, 1873, 1886), 408; Theiner, Monumenta Slavorum, I, nn. 170, 254, 284, 285, 286, 352, 368, 640; II, nn. 78, 228 (p. 214), 233 (p. 217-18); Narkovic, Dukl- jansko-barska metropolija (Zagreb, 1902), 39 sq.; Nihacevic, Iz Albanije o Albaniji u " Serafinskom Perivoju" (Lijevno- Sarajevo, 1909), Godina XXIII, 126-129.

Anthony-Lawrence Gancevic.

Scythopolis, a titular metropolitan see of Palaes- tina Secunda. It is the ancient Bethsan (q. v.) so often mentioned in the Bible, as proved by texts in the writings of Josephus. Its Greek name Scytho- polis is very likely derived from a colony of Scythians who invaded Palestine in the seventh century b. c. (Herodotus, I, 103-5), and left some of their number behind (Pliny, "Hist, natur.", V, 16; John Malalas, "Chronographia", V, in P. G., XCVII, 236; George Syncellus, "Chronographia", 214 etc.). The earliest known use of the name is in II Mach., xii, 29, and in the Greek text of Judith, iii, 10. Although Scytho- polis was the only town situated on the right bank of the Jordan, it was the capital of Decapolis and in the fourth century became the civil and ecclesiastical metropolis of Palaestina Secunda. Several bishops are known. Patropnilus, intimate friend of Arius and his adherents, assisted at the Council of Nicaea in 325 and at various councils of the Arians till 360. Cruel and fanatical, he ill-treated the Catholic bish- ops exiled to Scythopolis, especially St. Eusebius of Vercelli. He was deposed by the Council of Seleucia in 359 and died soon after; his remains were desecrated by the pagans in 361. We may also men- tion Philij) and Athanasius, both Arians; Saturninus, present at the Council of Constantinople in 381; Theodosius, friend of St. John Chrysostom; Acacius, friend of St. Cyril of Alexandria; St. Servianus, killed by the Monophysites in 452, honoured on 21 February; John, who wrote in defence of the Council of Chalce- don ; Theodore, who about 553 was compelled to sign an anti-origenist profession of faith, still preserved (Le Quien, "Oriens christianus. ", III, 681-94).

At the time of the Prankish occupation, the see was transferred to Nazareth; the Greeks long preserved the Sees of Scythopolis and Nazareth, but only the latter now exists. Among illustrious Christians of Scythopolis were: St. Procopius, martyr (8 July), who belonged to the clergy of the town (Delehaye, "Les 16gendes hagiographiques", Paris, 19{)5, 144-6); Asterius, commentator of th(^ Psalms in the fourth century, cited with praise by St. Jerome; Cyril, charming historian of monastic life in Palestine, who wrote seven lives of saints. In the sixth century there were four churches at Scythopolis, dedicated to St. Thomas, St. John, St. Procopius, and St. Basil, a local martyr. Many monks lived in the