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SCOTLAND

GR^aonr Smitu, Specimens of Middle Scots (Edinburgh, 1902); Idem, The Scottish Language: Early and Middle Scots in The Cambridge History of English Literature, II (Cambridge, 190S), iv, 101-14.

For special controverted points see Anglia, I (1877); II (1879); XX (1898); The Scottish Review (1888, 1893, 1897); The Scottish Antiquary (1897, 1898, 1899); La Revue Historique, LXIV (1897); Modern Language Quarterly (Nov., 1S97); Athe- naeum (27 Feb., 1897; 22 Julv; 16 Dec. and 21 Dec, 1899; 12May and 16 June, 1900; and 17 Nov., 1900, to 23 Nov., 1901).

For general history of Scottish Literature and individual authors see: Hailes, Ancient Scottish Poems (Edinburgh, 1770); PiNKERTON, Ancient Scottish Poems (London, 1786); Wartox, History of English Poetry (London, 1774-1781); Irving, Lives of the Scottish Poets (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1804) ; Idem, ed Carlyle, History of Scottish Poetry (Edinburgh, 1861) ; Dalyell, Scottish Poems of the Sixteenth Century (Edinburgh, 1801) ; Ross, Scot- tish History and Literature to the Reformation (Glasgow, 1884) ; Walker, Three Centuries of Scottish Literature (Glasgow, 1893); Henderson, Scottish Vernacular Literature (London, 1898: 2nd ed., 1900); Courthope, History of English Poetry (New York, 1895); Gregory Smith, The Transition Period in Periods of European Literature Series (Edinburgh, 1900); Graham, Scot- tish Men of Letters in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1901) ; Millar, A Literary History of Scotland (London, 1903) ; Child, English and Scottish Popular Ballads (Boston and New York, 1882-1898) ; Lang, s. v. Ballads: Scottish and English, in Cham- bers's Cyclopaedia of English Literature, I (Philadelphia, 1902), 520-541; Gummere, Introduction to Old English Ballads (Boston, 1894) ; Scott, ed. Henderson, Minstrelsy of the Scot- tish Border (Edinburgh, 1902) ; Laing, ed. Hazlitt, Ancient Scottish Poetry (2 vols., London, 1894); Veitch, History and Poetry of the Scottish Border (Glasgow, 1893); Neilson, John Barbour, Poet and Translator in Trans. Philological Society (London, 1900) ; Idem, Sir Hew of Eglintoun and Huchoun off the Awle Ryale: a biographical calendar and literary estimate in Trans. Philosophical Society (Glasgow, 1900-1901); Idem, " Huchown of the Awle Ryale," the Alliterative Poet (Glasgow, 1902) ; HoRSTMANN, Barbours des Schottischen nationaldichters Legendensammlung nebst den Fragmenten seines Trojanerkrieges (Heilbronn, 1882); Koppel, Die Fragmente von Barbours Tro- janerkrieg in Englische Studien, X, 373; Buss, Sind die von Horstmann herausgegeben schottischen Legenden ein Werk Bar- bours f in Anglia, IX, 493; Trautmann, DerDichter Huchown und Seine Werke (1877); Hermann, Untersuchungen Uber das schot- tische Alexanderbuch (Berlin, 1893); Brown, The Wallace and the Bruce Restudied (Bonn, 1900); Idem, The Authorship of the Kingis Quair: a New Criticism (Glasgow, 1896); Jusserand, The Romance of a King's Life (London, 1896) ; Rait, The Kingis Quair and the New Criticism (1898) ; Skeat, Chaucerian and other Pieces (London, 1897), p. Ixxv; Schipper, William Dunbar: Sein Leben und Seine Gedichte (Berlin, 1884) ; Idem, The Poems of William Dunbar edited with Introductions, Various Readings, and Notes (Vienna, 1891-95) ; Gutman, Untersuchungen ober das mit- telenglische Gedicht " The Btike of the H owlat" (Berlin, 1893); Men- nicken, Versbau und Sprache in Huchowns Morte Arthure (Bonn, 1900); Smith in Dreamthorp (1866); Smeaton, Dunbar in Fa- mous Scots Series (Edinburgh, 1898); Kaufmann, Traite de la Langue du poite icossais, William Dunbar, precide d'une esquisse de sa vie et de ses poimes (Bonn, 1873) ; Hahn, Verbal- und Nominal- flexion (Berlin, 1887-1889); Baildon, Dissertation on the Rimes of Dunbar (Freiburg, reprinted Edinburgh, 1899) ; Lange, Chaucer's Einfluss auf die Originaldichtungen des Schotten Gavin Douglas (Halle, 1882); M'Crie, Life of John Knox (1811; reprinted Phila- delphia, 1898) ; Hume Brown, John Knox: a Biography (London, 1895) ; Idem, George Buchanan, Humanist and Reformer (London, 1890); Irving, Life of George Buchanan (Edinburgh, 1807; 2nd ed., 1817); Hoffmann, Studien zu Alexander Montgomerie (Alten- burg, 1894); Rait, The Royal Rhetorician (1900); Menzies Fer- QU880.N, Alexander Hume, an early Poet-Pastor of Logic (Paisley, 1899) ; Whyte, Samuel Rutherford and his Correspondents (Edin- burgh, 1894); Taylor Innes, Studies in Scottish History (Lon- don, 1892) ; Idem, John Knox in Famous Scots Series (Edinburgh, 1896) ; Omond, The Lord Advocates of Scotland (Glasgow, 1883) ; Paterson (ed.), William Hamilton of Bangour's Poems and Songs (1850); Smeaton, Allan Ramsay in Famous Scots Series (Edin- burgh, 1896); Masson, Edinburgh Sketches and Memories (Lon- don, 1892); Chambers, Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scots- men ((Slasgow, 1835-56) ; Mason Good, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Alexander Geddes (London, 1803); Irving, Poetical Works, with Life, of Robert Fergusson (1800); Aitken, The Poems of Robert Fergusson, with a Sketch of the Author's Life (189.5); Grosart, Robert Fergusson in Famous Scots Series (1898); Lock- hart, Life of Burns (London, 1828; 5th ed., 1847); Wilson, Essays on Burns in his Collected Works (1858) ; Thomas Carlyle, Essay on Burns (1831); R. Louis Stevenson, Essay on Burns (1882); Rogers, Life and Songs of Lady Nairne (1869); Kington Oliphant, Jacobite Lairds of Gask (1870); James Hogg, Autobiography; Wilson (ed.), Hogg's Works, with Life (Edinburgh, 1838; new ed., 1852); Thomson (ed.), Hogg's Works, with Memoir (1865); Garden, Memorials of James Hogg (1885) ; Douglas, James Hogg in Famous Scots Series (1899) ; David Hogg, Life of Allan Cunningham (Dumfries, 1875); M'Conechy (ed.), William Motherwell' s Works vnth Life (London, 1846; re-edited 1849; reprinted 1881); Hammerton, J. M. Barrie and His Books (London, 1900) ; Giles in The Cambridge History of English Literature, V (Cambridge, 1908), 115-52.

P. J. Lennox. Scotland, Established Chxirch of, the religious organization which has for three centuries and a half claimed the adherence of the majority of the inhabi-

tants of Scotland, ma\- be said to date from August, 1560, in which month the Scottish Parliament, as- sembled in Edinburgh without any writ from the sovereign, decided that the Protestant Confession of Faith (drawn up on much the same lines as the Confession of Westminster) should henceforth be the established, and only authorized, creed of the Scot- t ish Kingdom. The same Parliament abolished papal jurisdiction, and forbade the celebration or hearing of Mass under penalty of death; but it made no provision for the appointment of the new clergy, nor for their maintenance. At the first General As- sembly, however, of the newly-constituted body, held in December, 1560, the First Book of Discipline was approved in which not only doctrinal questions and the conduct of worship were minutely legislated for, but detailed regulations were drawn up for the election and admission of ministers, and for their support on a generous scale from the confiscated revenues of the ancient Church. Scotland was divided ecclesiastically into ten districts, for each of which was appointed a superintendent to travel about, institute ministers, and generally set the Church in order. A scheme of popular and higher education was also sketched out, for which the early Scottish Reformers have been highly lauded; but it was never carried out, and the whole educational work of the founders of the Kirk consisted in purging the schools and universities of "idolatrous regents" (i. e. Catholic teachers), more than a century being allowed to elapse before there was any attempt at national education in Presbyterian Scotland.

The fact was that the greedy nobles who had fallen on and divided amongst themselves the possessions of the Catholic Church, absolutely refused to dis- gorge them, notwithstanding their professed zeal for the new doctrines. Only a sixth part of the eccle- siastical revenues was grudgingly doled out for the support of the ministers, and even that was paid with great irregularity. The grasping avarice of the nobles was also responsible for all delay and difficulties in settling the system of church government on Presby- terian principles, as desired by the Protestant leaders. The barons saw with dismay the life-interest of the old bishops and abbots (preserved to them by the legislation of 1560) gradually lapsing, and their pos- sessions falling to the Church. In a convention held in 1572 the lords actually procured the restora- tion of the old hierarchical titles, the quasi-bishops thus created being merely catspaws to the nobles, who ho[)ed through them to get possession of all the remaining ecclesiastical endowments. Although the General Assembly refused to recognize this sham episcopate, the fact of its existence kept alive the idea that Episcopacy might eventually be the established form of government in the Scottish, as in the Eng- lish, Protestant Church; and the question of Prelacy versus Presbytery remained a burning one for more than a century longer. During the long reign of James VI, whose vacillating character induced him first to cajole the Church with promises of spiritual independence and then to harass her by measures of the most despotic Erastianism, the religious condi- tion of Scotland was in a state of continual ferment. The king succeeded in getting the bishops author- ized to sit in Parliament in 1600; and when, three years later, he succeeded to the Crown'of England, he openly proclaimed his favourite maxim, "No bishop, no king", declared Presbyterianism incompatible with monarchy, suppressed the right of free assembly, and tried and punished the leaders of the Scottish Church for high treason. The discontent caused in Scotland by these high-handed measures came to a head after his death, when his son and successor, Charles I, visited Scotland in 1633, and professed himself pained by the baldness of public worship. His im- position, four years later, of the English 'liturgy oa