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 SCOTLAND

622

SCOTLAND

the number of priests, secular and regular, working in Scotland has increased from 257 to 555; of churches, chapels, and stations, from 255 to 394; of congrega- tional schools from 157 to 213, of monasteries from 13 to 26, and of convents from 21 to 58. The Catho- lic population, reckoned to number in 1878 about 380,000 souls, has increased to fully 520,000. Of these only some 25,000, including the Gaelic-speaking inhabitants of the Western Highlands and islands, and of the Diocese of Aberdeen, are of purely Scottish descent, the other dioceses comprising a compara- tively small number of Catholics of Scottish blood. The rest of the Catholics of Scotland, including at least 375,000 people in the single Archdiocese of Glas- gow, are either themselves entirely Irish by birth and race, or descended from recent immigrants from Ireland into Scotland. Glasgow also harbours, of course, a considerable but fluctuating body of for- eign Catholics; and a certain number of Catholic Poles and Lithuanians are always employed in the coal-fields and iron-works of central Scotland. But it would probablj' be within the mark to estimate the Irish element in the Catholic population north of the Tweed as amounting to between 90 and 95 per cent of the whole; and its tendency is to increase rather than to diminish.

The education of clergy for the Scottish mission is carried on at Blairs College, Aberdeen (number of students, 80); at St. Peter's College, near Glasgow (32), and at the Scots Colleges at Rome (33), and at Valladohd (14). There are also a few Scottish stu- dents at the College of Propaganda at Rome; and 20 more, on French foundation-burses, were being edu- cated in 1911 at the Ecole super ieure de Theologie at the College of Issy, near Paris. Good secondary schools for boys are conducted by the Jesuits at Glas- gow, and by the Marist Brothers at Glasgow and DuEofries; and there are excellently equipped board- ing-schools for girls at Aberdeen, Edinburgh, and elsewhere, under religious of various orders. The Sisters of Notre Dame are in charge of a fine train- ing-college for teachers just outside Glasgow; and a hospital at Lanark is managed by the Sisters of Charity, as well as a large orphanage for destitute children. The Nuns of the Good Shepherd, the Sisters of Nazareth, and the Little Sisters of the Poor carry on their works of charity and benefi- cence with zeal and success, being largely helped by kindly Protestants; and many Protestant parents entrust their children's education to the teaching orders of the Catholic Church. In the larger centres of population there is still a good deal of sectarian bitterness, fomented of cour.se by the members of Orange and similar scjcieties; but on the whole re- ligious animosities have greatly died down in recent times, and in those districts of the Highlands where Catholics are rao.st numerous, they live as a rule on terms of perfect amity with their Presbyterian neigh- bours.

The public elementary schools of Scotland are con- trolled and managed by the school boards elected by the rate-payers of each parish; and Government grants of money are made annually not only to these schools, but also to other schools (including those under Catholic management) which, in the words of the Act of Parliament of 1872, are "efficiently con- tributing to the secular education of the parish or burgh in which they are situated". The amount of the grant is conditional on the attendance and pro- ficiency of the scholars, the qualifications of the teachers, and the state of the schools; and the schools are liable to be inspected at any time by inspectors appointed by the Crown on the recommendation of the Scotch Education Department, and empowered to ascertain that the conditions necessary for obtain- ing the government grant have been fulfilled. No grant is made in respect of religious instruction; but

such instruction is sanctioned and provided for in the code regulating the scheme of school work, parents being, however, at liberty to withdraw their children from it if they please. No complete statistics arc- available as to the total number of children in the Cathohc elementary schools; but in the Archdiocese of Glasgow and the Diocese of Galloway, which to- gether comprise fully four-fifths of the Catholic popu- lation of the country, 66,482 children were presented in 1910 for religious examination. Besides the ele- mentary schools, what are known as "higher grade schools" also receive government grants in propor- tion to their efficiency, special additional grants being made to such schools in the six Highland counties.

With regard to the legal disabilities under which Scottish Catholics still lie, notwithstanding the Emancipation Act of 1829, it is unnecessary, as the provisions of that act apply to Scotland equally with England, to do more than refer to the article Eng- land (part II: England since the Reformation). The only specifically Scottish office from which Catho- lics are debarred by statute is that of Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Es- tablished Church — an office which no Catholic, of course, would desire to hold. The clauses in the Act of 1829 providing for the "gradual suppression and final prohibition" of religious orders of men have in practice remained a dead letter; but they have in Scotland, as in England, the effect of seriously re- stricting the tenure and disposition of their property by religious communities. All trusts and bequests in favour of religious orders are void in law; and the members of such orders can hold property only as individuals. The English statutes (of Henry VIII and Edward VI) invalidating bequests made to ob- tain prayers and Masses, on the ground that these are "superstitious uses", do not apply either to Ire- land or to Scotland; and it is probable the Scottish courts would recognize the validity of such bequests, as the Irish Courts undoubtedly do. (See Lilly and Wallis's " Manual of the Law specially affecting Catho- lics ", London, 1893.)

I. Celtic Period: Innes, Critical Essay on the Ancient In- habitants of Scotland (London, 1729); Skene, Celtic Scotland (Edinburgh, 1876-80) ; Idem, Chronicles of the Picts and Scots (Edinburgh, 1861); Logan, The Scottish Gael (Inverness, a. d.); Anderson, Scotland in Early Christian Times (Edinburgh, 1881); Wilson, Archceology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland (Edin- burgh, 1851); Cameron, Reliquice Celticce (Inverness, 1892); Maclaqan, Religio Scotica (Edinburgh, 1909); Edmonds, The Early Scottish Church, its Doctrine and Discipline (Edinburgh, 1906); DowDEN, The Celtic Church in Scotland (London, 1894); Leal, The Christian Faith in Early Scolla}id (London, 1885). II. Middle Ages: Fordun (with Bower's continuation), Scoti- c/ironicoM, ed. GooDALL (Edinburgh, 1759); Leslie, De Origine, moribus, et rebus gestis Scotorum (Rome, 1678); Sinclair, Statistical Account of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1791); Theiner, Vetera monumenta Hibernorum atque Scotorum historiam illus- trantia, 1210-1547 (Rome, 1864); Walcott, The Ancient Church of Scotland (London, 1874) ; Wyntoun, Orygynale Chronykil of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1872-79) ; Concilia Scotia: (Edinburgh, 1866) ; Gordon, Scolichronicon (including Keith's Catalogue of Scottish Bishops (Glasgow, 1867); Innes, Sketches of Early Scotch History (Edinburgh, 1861); the publications of the Scottish Text Society (Edinburgh) are of great value; and many episcopal registers and cartularies of the Scottish abbeys have been printed by the Bannatyne, Maitland, Spottiswoode, and other societies. III. General, including modern, history: Bur- ton, Hist, of Scotland to 1740 (Edinburgh, 1876); Tytler, I/ist. of Scotland, to the Union (Edinburgh, 1879); Lano, History of Scotland, to 1745 (Edinburgh, 1900-07); Hume Brown, Hist, of Scotland (Cambridge, 1902); Bellesheim, Hist, of the Catholic Church in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1887-90), vol. IV has valuable appendices, with reports to Propaganda on the state of Scottish Catholics under the penal laws; Grub, Ecclesiastical Hist, of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1861) from an episcopalian point of view, but impartially written; Walsh, Hist, of the Catholic Church of Scotland (Glasgow, 1874), a useful compilation; P'orbes-Leith, Narratives of Scottish Catholics under Mary Stuart and James VI (Edinburgh, 1885); Idem, Memoirs of Scottish Catholics, 17th and 18lh centuries (London, 1909); Daw- son, The Catholics of Scotland, 1693-18M (London, 1890).

D. O. Hunter-Blair.

Scottish Literature. — Literature in Scotland may be said to take its beginning with the Life of St. Coiumba written by Cuimine, or Cuminius, who be-